Mistakes and misunderstandings tend to repeat themselves. Here is a limited collection of references to publications collected during statistical reviewing. They are surprisingly helpful when performing critical reviews, explaining problems, and motivating revisions or reanalyses. The references are divided into the following categories:
- Estimators
- ICH
- ICMJE
- Meta-analysis
- Miscellaneous
- Observational studies
- Prediction/AI
- Randomised trials
- Reporting
- Statistical inference
- Study design
- Terminology
Estimators
8915996
FTVC73ZG
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%225ZZU72WI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Austin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAustin%20PC%2C%20Ibrahim%20M%2C%20Putter%20H.%20Accounting%20for%20Competing%20Risks%20in%20Clinical%20Research.%20JAMA%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Jun%2025%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jun%2029%5D%3B331%2824%29%3A2125%26%23×2013%3B6.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2024.4970%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2024.4970%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Accounting%20for%20Competing%20Risks%20in%20Clinical%20Research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Austin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ibrahim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hein%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Putter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Survival%20analyses%20are%20statistical%20methods%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20time-to-event%20outcomes.%20An%20example%20is%20time%20from%20study%20entry%20to%20death.%20A%20competing%20risk%20is%20an%20event%20whose%20occurrence%20precludes%20the%20occurrence%20of%20the%20primary%20event%20of%20interest.%20In%20a%20study%20whose%20outcome%20is%20time%20to%20death%20due%20to%20cardiovascular%20causes%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20death%20due%20to%20a%20noncardiovascular%20cause%20is%20a%20competing%20risk.%20Conventional%20statistical%20methods%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20survival%20data%20typically%20aim%20to%20estimate%20the%20probability%20of%20the%20event%20of%20interest%20over%20time%20or%20the%20effect%20of%20a%20risk%20factor%20or%20treatment%20on%20that%20probability%20or%20on%20the%20intensity%20with%20which%20events%20occur.%20These%20methods%20require%20modification%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20competing%20risks.%20A%20key%20feature%20of%20survival%20analysis%20is%20the%20ability%20to%20properly%20account%20for%20censoring%2C%20which%20occurs%20when%20the%20outcome%20event%20is%20not%20observed%20before%20the%20end%20of%20the%20study%20participant%5Cu2019s%20follow-up%20period.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-25%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1001%5C%2Fjama.2024.4970%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220098-7484%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2024.4970%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-29T11%3A34%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XYAW7XS4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Phillips%20and%20Clark%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPhillips%20A%2C%20Clark%20T.%20Estimands%20in%20practice%3A%20Bridging%20the%20gap%20between%20study%20objectives%20and%20statistical%20analysis.%20Pharm%20Stat.%202021%20Jan%3B20%281%29%3A68%26%23×2013%3B76.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Estimands%20in%20practice%3A%20Bridging%20the%20gap%20between%20study%20objectives%20and%20statistical%20analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phillips%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20International%20Council%20for%20Harmonisation%20%28ICH%29%20guideline%20E9%20Statistical%20Principles%20for%20Clinical%20Trials%20%281%29%20was%20issued%20in%201998.%20In%20October%202014%2C%20an%20addendum%20to%20ICH%20E9%20was%20proposed%20on%20statistical%20principles%20relating%20to%20estimands%20and%20sensitivity%20analyses.%20The%20final%20version%20of%20the%20addendum%20to%20ICH%20E9%20%28R1%29%20%282%29%20was%20issued%20in%20November%202019.%20This%20virtual%20edition%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Statistics%20takes%20a%20closer%20look%20at%20some%20of%20the%20progress%20that%20has%20been%20made%20since%202018%20when%20implementing%20the%20estimand%20framework%20within%20clinical%20research.%20The%20articles%20discussed%20in%20this%20virtual%20issue%20are%20not%20new%2C%20but%20a%20compilation%20from%20previous%20issues.%20This%20specific%20article%20will%20act%20as%20a%20refresher%20for%20those%20not%20familiar%20with%20the%20topic%20and%20discuss%20the%20ABCs%20of%20estimands%20and%20their%20proposed%20deployment%20for%20improving%20the%20quality%20of%20clinical%20research.%20An%20overview%20of%20the%20more%20recent%20Pharmaceutical%20Statistics%20articles%20on%20estimands%20will%20be%20provided%2C%20signifying%20areas%20where%20progress%20have%20been%20made.%20The%20articles%20should%20be%20considered%20as%20contributions%20to%20the%20ongoing%20discussions%20rather%20than%20the%20final%20word.%20Finally%2C%20a%20personal%20perspective%20on%20the%20estimand%20success%20story%20and%20remaining%20challenges%20with%20proposed%20solutions%20will%20be%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fpst.2056%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221539-1612%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-01T07%3A57%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DD7CU2VK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Spronk%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-05-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESpronk%20I%2C%20Korevaar%20JC%2C%20Poos%20R%2C%20Davids%20R%2C%20Hilderink%20H%2C%20Schellevis%20FG%2C%20et%20al.%20Calculating%20incidence%20rates%20and%20prevalence%20proportions%3A%20not%20as%20simple%20as%20it%20seems.%20BMC%20Public%20Health%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20May%206%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B19%281%29%3A512.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-019-6820-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-019-6820-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Calculating%20incidence%20rates%20and%20prevalence%20proportions%3A%20not%20as%20simple%20as%20it%20seems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inge%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spronk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joke%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korevaar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ren%5Cu00e9%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rodrigo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davids%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hilderink%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schellevis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verheij%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Incidence%20rates%20and%20prevalence%20proportions%20are%20commonly%20used%20to%20express%20the%20populations%20health%20status.%20Since%20there%20are%20several%20methods%20used%20to%20calculate%20these%20epidemiological%20measures%2C%20good%20comparison%20between%20studies%20and%20countries%20is%20difficult.%20This%20study%20investigates%20the%20impact%20of%20different%20operational%20definitions%20of%20numerators%20and%20denominators%20on%20incidence%20rates%20and%20prevalence%20proportions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%206%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12889-019-6820-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2458%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-019-6820-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A05%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TWMJ5KEV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sayers%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESayers%20A%2C%20Evans%20JT%2C%20Whitehouse%20MR%2C%20Blom%20AW.%20Are%20competing%20risks%20models%20appropriate%20to%20describe%20implant%20failure%3F%20Acta%20Orthop.%202018%20Jun%3B89%283%29%3A256%26%23×2013%3B8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Are%20competing%20risks%20models%20appropriate%20to%20describe%20implant%20failure%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adrian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitehouse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashley%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blom%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20and%20purpose%20-%20The%20use%20of%20competing%20risks%20models%20is%20widely%20advocated%20in%20the%20arthroplasty%20literature%20due%20to%20a%20perceived%20bias%20in%20comparison%20of%20simple%20Kaplan-Meier%20estimates.%20Proponents%20of%20competing%20risk%20models%20in%20the%20arthroplasty%20literature%20appear%20to%20be%20unaware%20of%20the%20subtle%20but%20important%20differences%20in%20interpretation%20of%20net%20and%20crude%20failure%20estimated%20by%20competing%20risk%20and%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods%20respectively.%20Methods%20-%20Using%20a%20simple%20simulation%20we%20illustrate%20the%20differences%20between%20competing%20risks%20and%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods.%20Results%20-%20Competing%20risk%20and%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods%20estimate%20different%20survival%20quantities%2C%20i.e.%2C%20crude%20and%20net%20failure%20respectively.%20Estimates%20of%20crude%20failure%20estimated%20using%20competing%20risk%20methods%20will%20be%20less%20than%20net%20failure%20as%20estimated%20using%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods.%20Interpretation%20-%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods%20are%20appropriate%20for%20describing%20implant%20failure%2C%20whereas%20crude%20survival%20estimated%20using%20competing%20risk%20methods%20estimates%20the%20risk%20of%20surgical%20revision%20as%20it%20depends%20on%20both%20implant%20failure%20and%20mortality.%20Both%20competing%20risk%20models%20and%20Kaplan-Meier%20methods%20are%20useful%20in%20arthroplasty%2C%20and%20both%20provide%20unbiased%20estimates%20of%20crude%20and%20net%20failure%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20any%20confounding%20or%20selection%20respectively.%20Surgeons%20and%20researchers%20should%20carefully%20consider%20whether%20the%20use%20of%20competing%20risks%20is%20always%20justified.%20Lower%20estimates%20of%20failure%20from%20competing%20risk%20models%20may%20be%20misleading%20to%20surgeons%20who%20are%20attempting%20to%20select%20the%20best%20implants%20with%20the%20lowest%20failure%20rates%20for%20their%20patients.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F17453674.2018.1444876%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221745-3682%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A44%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YSP6YX5G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schober%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESchober%20P%2C%20Boer%20C%2C%20Schwarte%20LA.%20Correlation%20Coefficients%3A%20Appropriate%20Use%20and%20Interpretation.%20Anesthesia%20%26amp%3B%20Analgesia%20%5BInternet%5D.%202018%20May%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%209%5D%3B126%285%29%3A1763%26%23×2013%3B8.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.lww.com%5C%2Fanesthesia-analgesia%5C%2FFulltext%5C%2F2018%5C%2F05000%5C%2FCorrelation_Coefficients__Appropriate_Use_and.50.aspx%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.lww.com%5C%2Fanesthesia-analgesia%5C%2FFulltext%5C%2F2018%5C%2F05000%5C%2FCorrelation_Coefficients__Appropriate_Use_and.50.aspx%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Correlation%20Coefficients%3A%20Appropriate%20Use%20and%20Interpretation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schober%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lothar%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwarte%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Correlation%20in%20the%20broadest%20sense%20is%20a%20measure%20of%20an%20association%20between%20variables.%20In%20correlated%20data%2C%20the%20change%20in%20the%20magnitude%20of%201%20variable%20is%20associated%20with%20a%20change%20in%20the%20magnitude%20of%20another%20variable%2C%20either%20in%20the%20same%20%28positive%20correlation%29%20or%20in%20the%20opposite%20%28negative%20correlation%29%20direction.%20Most%20often%2C%20the%20term%20correlation%20is%20used%20in%20the%20context%20of%20a%20linear%20relationship%20between%202%20continuous%20variables%20and%20expressed%20as%20Pearson%20product-moment%20correlation.%20The%20Pearson%20correlation%20coefficient%20is%20typically%20used%20for%20jointly%20normally%20distributed%20data%20%28data%20that%20follow%20a%20bivariate%20normal%20distribution%29.%20For%20nonnormally%20distributed%20continuous%20data%2C%20for%20ordinal%20data%2C%20or%20for%20data%20with%20relevant%20outliers%2C%20a%20Spearman%20rank%20correlation%20can%20be%20used%20as%20a%20measure%20of%20a%20monotonic%20association.%20Both%20correlation%20coefficients%20are%20scaled%20such%20that%20they%20range%20from%20%5Cu20131%20to%20%2B1%2C%20where%200%20indicates%20that%20there%20is%20no%20linear%20or%20monotonic%20association%2C%20and%20the%20relationship%20gets%20stronger%20and%20ultimately%20approaches%20a%20straight%20line%20%28Pearson%20correlation%29%20or%20a%20constantly%20increasing%20or%20decreasing%20curve%20%28Spearman%20correlation%29%20as%20the%20coefficient%20approaches%20an%20absolute%20value%20of%201.%20Hypothesis%20tests%20and%20confidence%20intervals%20can%20be%20used%20to%20address%20the%20statistical%20significance%20of%20the%20results%20and%20to%20estimate%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20relationship%20in%20the%20population%20from%20which%20the%20data%20were%20sampled.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20tutorial%20is%20to%20guide%20researchers%20and%20clinicians%20in%20the%20appropriate%20use%20and%20interpretation%20of%20correlation%20coefficients.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1213%5C%2FANE.0000000000002864%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-2999%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.lww.com%5C%2Fanesthesia-analgesia%5C%2FFulltext%5C%2F2018%5C%2F05000%5C%2FCorrelation_Coefficients__Appropriate_Use_and.50.aspx%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-09T07%3A24%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RU6FLTQC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ranganathan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERanganathan%20P%2C%20Pramesh%20CS%2C%20Aggarwal%20R.%20Common%20pitfalls%20in%20statistical%20analysis%3A%20Measures%20of%20agreement.%20Perspect%20Clin%20Res%20%5BInternet%5D.%202017%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%209%5D%3B8%284%29%3A187%26%23×2013%3B91.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5654219%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5654219%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Common%20pitfalls%20in%20statistical%20analysis%3A%20Measures%20of%20agreement%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Priya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ranganathan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pramesh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rakesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aggarwal%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Agreement%20between%20measurements%20refers%20to%20the%20degree%20of%20concordance%20between%20two%20%28or%20more%29%20sets%20of%20measurements.%20Statistical%20methods%20to%20test%20agreement%20are%20used%20to%20assess%20inter-rater%20variability%20or%20to%20decide%20whether%20one%20technique%20for%20measuring%20a%20variable%20can%20substitute%20another.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20look%20at%20statistical%20measures%20of%20agreement%20for%20different%20types%20of%20data%20and%20discuss%20the%20differences%20between%20these%20and%20those%20for%20assessing%20correlation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4103%5C%2Fpicr.PICR_123_17%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222229-3485%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5654219%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-09T07%3A19%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z6HPL3RW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Xie%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EXie%20W%2C%20Department%20of%20Epidemiology%26%23xA0%3B%20and%20Biostatistics%20ICL%2C%20Zheng%20F.%20Robust%20Cox%20Regression%20as%20an%20Alternative%20Method%20to%20Estimate%20Adjusted%20Relative%20Risk%20in%20Prospective%20Studies%20with%20Common%20Outcomes.%20International%20Journal%20of%20Statistics%20in%20Medical%20Research%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20%5Bcited%202023%20Mar%2025%5D%3B5%284%29%3A231.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.academia.edu%5C%2F69617712%5C%2FRobust_Cox_Regression_as_an_Alternative_Method_to_Estimate_Adjusted_Relative_Risk_in_Prospective_Studies_with_Common_Outcomes%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.academia.edu%5C%2F69617712%5C%2FRobust_Cox_Regression_as_an_Alternative_Method_to_Estimate_Adjusted_Relative_Risk_in_Prospective_Studies_with_Common_Outcomes%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Robust%20Cox%20Regression%20as%20an%20Alternative%20Method%20to%20Estimate%20Adjusted%20Relative%20Risk%20in%20Prospective%20Studies%20with%20Common%20Outcomes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wuxiang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Imperial%20College%20London%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Department%20of%20Epidemiology%20%20and%20Biostatistics%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fanfan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objective%3A%20To%20demonstrate%20the%20use%20of%20robust%20Cox%20regression%20in%20estimating%20adjusted%20relative%20risks%20%28and%20confidence%20intervals%29%20when%20all%20participants%20with%20an%20identical%20follow-up%20time%20and%20when%20a%20common%20outcome%20is%20investigated.%20Methods%3A%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221929-6029%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.academia.edu%5C%2F69617712%5C%2FRobust_Cox_Regression_as_an_Alternative_Method_to_Estimate_Adjusted_Relative_Risk_in_Prospective_Studies_with_Common_Outcomes%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-25T08%3A55%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q6Q99NJ2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barnett%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-08-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBarnett%20AG.%20Regression%20to%20the%20mean%3A%20what%20it%20is%20and%20how%20to%20deal%20with%20it.%20International%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202004%20Aug%2027%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jun%2022%5D%3B34%281%29%3A215%26%23×2013%3B20.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fije%5C%2Farticle-lookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyh299%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fije%5C%2Farticle-lookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyh299%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Regression%20to%20the%20mean%3A%20what%20it%20is%20and%20how%20to%20deal%20with%20it%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barnett%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20Regression%20to%20the%20mean%20%28RTM%29%20is%20a%20statistical%20phenomenon%20that%20can%20make%20natural%20variation%20in%20repeated%20data%20look%20like%20real%20change.%20It%20happens%20when%20unusually%20large%20or%20small%20measurements%20tend%20to%20be%20followed%20by%20measurements%20that%20are%20closer%20to%20the%20mean.%5CnMethods%20We%20give%20some%20examples%20of%20the%20phenomenon%2C%20and%20discuss%20methods%20to%20overcome%20it%20at%20the%20design%20and%20analysis%20stages%20of%20a%20study.%5CnResults%20The%20effect%20of%20RTM%20in%20a%20sample%20becomes%20more%20noticeable%20with%20increasing%20measurement%20error%20and%20when%20follow-up%20measurements%20are%20only%20examined%20on%20a%20sub-sample%20selected%20using%20a%20baseline%20value.%5CnConclusions%20RTM%20is%20a%20ubiquitous%20phenomenon%20in%20repeated%20data%20and%20should%20always%20be%20considered%20as%20a%20possible%20cause%20of%20an%20observed%20change.%20Its%20effect%20can%20be%20alleviated%20through%20better%20study%20design%20and%20use%20of%20suitable%20statistical%20methods.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222004-08-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyh299%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221464-3685%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fije%5C%2Farticle-lookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyh299%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-22T08%3A20%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NQGLIGHF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barros%20and%20Hirakata%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-10-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBarros%20AJ%2C%20Hirakata%20VN.%20Alternatives%20for%20logistic%20regression%20in%20cross-sectional%20studies%3A%20an%20empirical%20comparison%20of%20models%20that%20directly%20estimate%20the%20prevalence%20ratio.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202003%20Oct%2020%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B3%281%29%3A21.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-3-21%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-3-21%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Alternatives%20for%20logistic%20regression%20in%20cross-sectional%20studies%3A%20an%20empirical%20comparison%20of%20models%20that%20directly%20estimate%20the%20prevalence%20ratio%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alu%5Cu00edsio%20JD%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e2nia%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hirakata%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Cross-sectional%20studies%20with%20binary%20outcomes%20analyzed%20by%20logistic%20regression%20are%20frequent%20in%20the%20epidemiological%20literature.%20However%2C%20the%20odds%20ratio%20can%20importantly%20overestimate%20the%20prevalence%20ratio%2C%20the%20measure%20of%20choice%20in%20these%20studies.%20Also%2C%20controlling%20for%20confounding%20is%20not%20equivalent%20for%20the%20two%20measures.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20explore%20alternatives%20for%20modeling%20data%20of%20such%20studies%20with%20techniques%20that%20directly%20estimate%20the%20prevalence%20ratio.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%2020%2C%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-3-21%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-3-21%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A07%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DJY64TGW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McNutt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-05-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMcNutt%20LA%2C%20Wu%20C%2C%20Xue%20X%2C%20Hafner%20JP.%20Estimating%20the%20relative%20risk%20in%20cohort%20studies%20and%20clinical%20trials%20of%20common%20outcomes.%20Am%20J%20Epidemiol.%202003%20May%2015%3B157%2810%29%3A940%26%23×2013%3B3.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Estimating%20the%20relative%20risk%20in%20cohort%20studies%20and%20clinical%20trials%20of%20common%20outcomes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Louise-Anne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McNutt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chuntao%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaonan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean%20Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Logistic%20regression%20yields%20an%20adjusted%20odds%20ratio%20that%20approximates%20the%20adjusted%20relative%20risk%20when%20disease%20incidence%20is%20rare%20%28%3C10%25%29%2C%20while%20adjusting%20for%20potential%20confounders.%20For%20more%20common%20outcomes%2C%20the%20odds%20ratio%20always%20overstates%20the%20relative%20risk%2C%20sometimes%20dramatically.%20The%20purpose%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20discuss%20the%20incorrect%20application%20of%20a%20proposed%20method%20to%20estimate%20an%20adjusted%20relative%20risk%20from%20an%20adjusted%20odds%20ratio%2C%20which%20has%20quickly%20gained%20popularity%20in%20medical%20and%20public%20health%20research%2C%20and%20to%20describe%20alternative%20statistical%20methods%20for%20estimating%20an%20adjusted%20relative%20risk%20when%20the%20outcome%20is%20common.%20Hypothetical%20data%20are%20used%20to%20illustrate%20statistical%20methods%20with%20readily%20accessible%20computer%20software.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222003-05-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwg074%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9262%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A06%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SNLV97DG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campbell%20and%20Torgerson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECampbell%20MK%2C%20Torgerson%20DJ.%20Bootstrapping%3A%20estimating%20confidence%20intervals%20for%20cost-effectiveness%20ratios.%20QJM%3A%20An%20International%20Journal%20of%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%201999%20Mar%201%20%5Bcited%202023%20Oct%205%5D%3B92%283%29%3A177%26%23×2013%3B82.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fqjmed%5C%2F92.3.177%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fqjmed%5C%2F92.3.177%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bootstrapping%3A%20estimating%20confidence%20intervals%20for%20cost-effectiveness%20ratios%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torgerson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Economic%20evaluations%20are%20increasingly%20being%20conducted%20alongside%20clinical%20trials%20of%20health%20interventions%2C%20with%20resource%20consequences%20being%20estimated%20from%20stochastic%20data.%20It%20is%2C%20therefore%2C%20important%20that%20economic%20evaluation%20results%2C%20like%20the%20clinical%20results%2C%20reflect%20the%20underlying%20variance%20within%20the%20sample%20data.%20A%20statistical%20methodology%2C%20known%20as%20bootstrapping%2C%20has%20recently%20been%20put%20forward%20as%20a%20potential%20method%20for%20calculating%20confidence%20intervals%20for%20cost-effectiveness%20ratios%2C%20yet%20it%20is%20still%20unusual%20to%20see%20economic%20evaluations%20reporting%20confidence%20intervals.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20demonstrate%20the%20practical%20application%20of%20bootstrapping%20using%20real%20data%20from%20clinical%20trials%2C%20and%20conclude%20that%20bootstrapping%20is%20easily%20transferable%20from%20theory%20to%20practice%20for%20the%20estimation%20of%20confidence%20intervals%20for%20cost-effectiveness%20ratios.%20We%20encourage%20further%20investigation%20into%20its%20applicability%20and%20use.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fqjmed%5C%2F92.3.177%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221460-2725%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fqjmed%5C%2F92.3.177%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-05T08%3A01%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2236PEAS2L%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Altman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-11-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAltman%20DG.%20Confidence%20intervals%20for%20the%20number%20needed%20to%20treat.%20BMJ.%201998%20Nov%207%3B317%287168%29%3A1309%26%23×2013%3B12.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Confidence%20intervals%20for%20the%20number%20needed%20to%20treat%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221998-11-07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.317.7168.1309%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A05%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JYKACTSY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Davies%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-03-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EDavies%20HT%2C%20Crombie%20IK%2C%20Tavakoli%20M.%20When%20can%20odds%20ratios%20mislead%3F%20BMJ.%201998%20Mar%2028%3B316%287136%29%3A989%26%23×2013%3B91.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22When%20can%20odds%20ratios%20mislead%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davies%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crombie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tavakoli%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221998-03-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.316.7136.989%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A06%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QYUX3BKA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWhat%26%23×2019%3Bs%20the%20Relative%20Risk%3F%20A%20Method%20of%20Correcting%20the%20Odds%20Ratio%20in%20Cohort%20Studies%20of%20Common%20Outcomes%20%7C%20Research%2C%20Methods%2C%20Statistics%20%7C%20JAMA%20%7C%20JAMA%20Network%20%5BInternet%5D.%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjamanetwork.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fjama%5C%2Ffullarticle%5C%2F188182%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjamanetwork.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fjama%5C%2Ffullarticle%5C%2F188182%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%27s%20the%20Relative%20Risk%3F%20A%20Method%20of%20Correcting%20the%20Odds%20Ratio%20in%20Cohort%20Studies%20of%20Common%20Outcomes%20%7C%20Research%2C%20Methods%2C%20Statistics%20%7C%20JAMA%20%7C%20JAMA%20Network%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjamanetwork.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fjama%5C%2Ffullarticle%5C%2F188182%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22FTVC73ZG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A06%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Austin PC, Ibrahim M, Putter H. Accounting for Competing Risks in Clinical Research. JAMA [Internet]. 2024 Jun 25 [cited 2024 Jun 29];331(24):2125–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.4970
1.
Phillips A, Clark T. Estimands in practice: Bridging the gap between study objectives and statistical analysis. Pharm Stat. 2021 Jan;20(1):68–76.
1.
Spronk I, Korevaar JC, Poos R, Davids R, Hilderink H, Schellevis FG, et al. Calculating incidence rates and prevalence proportions: not as simple as it seems. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2019 May 6 [cited 2021 Dec 31];19(1):512. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6820-3
1.
Sayers A, Evans JT, Whitehouse MR, Blom AW. Are competing risks models appropriate to describe implant failure? Acta Orthop. 2018 Jun;89(3):256–8.
1.
Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia [Internet]. 2018 May [cited 2022 May 9];126(5):1763–8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2018/05000/Correlation_Coefficients__Appropriate_Use_and.50.aspx
1.
Ranganathan P, Pramesh CS, Aggarwal R. Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: Measures of agreement. Perspect Clin Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 9];8(4):187–91. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654219/
1.
Xie W, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics ICL, Zheng F. Robust Cox Regression as an Alternative Method to Estimate Adjusted Relative Risk in Prospective Studies with Common Outcomes. International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Mar 25];5(4):231. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/69617712/Robust_Cox_Regression_as_an_Alternative_Method_to_Estimate_Adjusted_Relative_Risk_in_Prospective_Studies_with_Common_Outcomes
1.
Barnett AG. Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it. International Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2004 Aug 27 [cited 2023 Jun 22];34(1):215–20. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ije/dyh299
1.
Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2003 Oct 20 [cited 2021 Dec 31];3(1):21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
1.
McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 May 15;157(10):940–3.
1.
Campbell MK, Torgerson DJ. Bootstrapping: estimating confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 1999 Mar 1 [cited 2023 Oct 5];92(3):177–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/92.3.177
1.
Altman DG. Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ. 1998 Nov 7;317(7168):1309–12.
1.
Davies HT, Crombie IK, Tavakoli M. When can odds ratios mislead? BMJ. 1998 Mar 28;316(7136):989–91.
1.
What’s the Relative Risk? A Method of Correcting the Odds Ratio in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes | Research, Methods, Statistics | JAMA | JAMA Network [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 31]. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/188182
ICH
8915996
ZP285EJG
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2265JXNZ8V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Page%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03-29%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPage%20MJ%2C%20McKenzie%20JE%2C%20Bossuyt%20PM%2C%20Boutron%20I%2C%20Hoffmann%20TC%2C%20Mulrow%20CD%2C%20et%20al.%20The%20PRISMA%202020%20statement%3A%20an%20updated%20guideline%20for%20reporting%20systematic%20reviews.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Mar%2029%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jun%209%5D%3B372%3An71.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8005924%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8005924%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20PRISMA%202020%20statement%3A%20an%20updated%20guideline%20for%20reporting%20systematic%20reviews%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Page%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanne%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McKenzie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bossuyt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isabelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boutron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tammy%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cynthia%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mulrow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Larissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shamseer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tetzlaff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elie%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sue%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roger%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glanville%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeremy%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grimshaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Asbj%5Cu00f8rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hr%5Cu00f3bjartsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manoj%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tianjing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mayo-Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steve%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGuinness%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lesley%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stewart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tricco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vivian%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Welch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Penny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whiting%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Preferred%20Reporting%20Items%20for%20Systematic%20reviews%20and%20Meta-Analyses%20%28PRISMA%29%20statement%2C%20published%20in%202009%2C%20was%20designed%20to%20help%20systematic%20reviewers%20transparently%20report%20why%20the%20review%20was%20done%2C%20what%20the%20authors%20did%2C%20and%20what%20they%20found.%20Over%20the%20past%20decade%2C%20advances%20in%20systematic%20review%20methodology%20and%20terminology%20have%20necessitated%20an%20update%20to%20the%20guideline.%20The%20PRISMA%202020%20statement%20replaces%20the%202009%20statement%20and%20includes%20new%20reporting%20guidance%20that%20reflects%20advances%20in%20methods%20to%20identify%2C%20select%2C%20appraise%2C%20and%20synthesise%20studies.%20The%20structure%20and%20presentation%20of%20the%20items%20have%20been%20modified%20to%20facilitate%20implementation.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20present%20the%20PRISMA%202020%2027-item%20checklist%2C%20an%20expanded%20checklist%20that%20details%20reporting%20recommendations%20for%20each%20item%2C%20the%20PRISMA%202020%20abstract%20checklist%2C%20and%20the%20revised%20flow%20diagrams%20for%20original%20and%20updated%20reviews.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-3-29%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.n71%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8005924%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-06-09T08%3A22%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KKB23IDH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Evans%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-04-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EEvans%20S.%20When%20and%20How%20Can%20Endpoints%20Be%20Changed%20after%20Initiation%20of%20a%20Randomized%20Clinical%20Trial%3F%20PLoS%20Clin%20Trials%20%5BInternet%5D.%202007%20Apr%2013%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B2%284%29%3Ae18.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22When%20and%20How%20Can%20Endpoints%20Be%20Changed%20after%20Initiation%20of%20a%20Randomized%20Clinical%20Trial%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007-4-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pctr.0020018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221555-5887%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GF25E56T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EReflection%20Paper%20on%20Methodological%20Issues%20in%20Confirmatory%20Clinical%20Trials%20Planned%20with%20an%20Adaptive%20Design.%202007%3B10.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reflection%20Paper%20on%20Methodological%20Issues%20in%20Confirmatory%20Clinical%20Trials%20Planned%20with%20an%20Adaptive%20Design%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A50%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WJWKBHMQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20the%20choice%20of%20the%20non-inferiority%20margin.%20Statist%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20May%2030%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B25%2810%29%3A1628%26%23×2013%3B38.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20the%20choice%20of%20the%20non-inferiority%20margin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202776715%2C%2010970258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BUJC9BJU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20Data%20Monitoring%20Committees.%20Statist%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20May%2030%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jan%2025%5D%3B25%2810%29%3A1639%26%23×2013%3B45.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2585%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2585%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20Data%20Monitoring%20Committees%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.2585%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202776715%2C%2010970258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2585%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A48%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JB8VR9U6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watanabe%20and%20Takahashi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWatanabe%20H%2C%20Takahashi%20K.%20Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials.%20JJB%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B27%28Special_Issue%29%3AS73%26%23×2013%3B7.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiroyuki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenichi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takahashi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5691%5C%2Fjjb.27.S73%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222185-6494%2C%200918-4430%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2262FJT6AS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE%209%20Statistical%20Principles%20for%20Clinical%20Trials.%202006%3B37.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22E%209%20Statistical%20Principles%20for%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LZ5JK4D2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE%2010%20Choice%20of%20Control%20Group%20in%20Clinical%20Trials.%202006%3B30.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22E%2010%20Choice%20of%20Control%20Group%20in%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A49%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RJGGPS6U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE%203%20Structure%20and%20Content%20of%20Clinical%20Study%20Reports.%202006%3B48.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22E%203%20Structure%20and%20Content%20of%20Clinical%20Study%20Reports%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A43%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FDKI5TNU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29.%20Points%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3A%20%3Ci%3EPoints%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20British%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Pharmacology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202001%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B52%283%29%3A223%26%23×2013%3B8.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3A%20%3Ci%3EPoints%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203065251%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KTXCRCVD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EConcept%20paper%20on%20extrapolation%20of%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20in%20medicine%20development.%20%3A7.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Concept%20paper%20on%20extrapolation%20of%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20in%20medicine%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A50%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VFPF4CWV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGuideline%20on%20the%20investigation%20of%20subgroups%20in%20confirmatory%20clinical%20trials.%20%3A20.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guideline%20on%20the%20investigation%20of%20subgroups%20in%20confirmatory%20clinical%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A49%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Y2MNBG74%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGuideline%20on%20adjustment%20for%20baseline%20covariates%20in%20clinical%20trials.%20%3A11.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guideline%20on%20adjustment%20for%20baseline%20covariates%20in%20clinical%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-25T09%3A46%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ [Internet]. 2021 Mar 29 [cited 2022 Jun 9];372:n71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8005924/
1.
Evans S. When and How Can Endpoints Be Changed after Initiation of a Randomized Clinical Trial? PLoS Clin Trials [Internet]. 2007 Apr 13 [cited 2021 Dec 31];2(4):e18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852589/
1.
Reflection Paper on Methodological Issues in Confirmatory Clinical Trials Planned with an Adaptive Design. 2007;10.
1.
Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP) guideline on the choice of the non-inferiority margin. Statist Med [Internet]. 2006 May 30 [cited 2021 Dec 31];25(10):1628–38. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.2584
1.
Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP) guideline on Data Monitoring Committees. Statist Med [Internet]. 2006 May 30 [cited 2022 Jan 25];25(10):1639–45. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.2585
1.
Watanabe H, Takahashi K. Points to Consider on Multiplicity Issues in Clinical Trials. JJB [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 Dec 31];27(Special_Issue):S73–7. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjb/27/Special_Issue/27_Special_Issue_S73/_article/-char/ja/
1.
E 9 Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials. 2006;37.
1.
E 10 Choice of Control Group in Clinical Trials. 2006;30.
1.
E 3 Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports. 2006;48.
1.
Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). Points to consider on switching between superiority and non-inferiority: Points to consider on switching between superiority and non-inferiority. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2021 Dec 31];52(3):223–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x
1.
Concept paper on extrapolation of efficacy and safety in medicine development. :7.
1.
Guideline on the investigation of subgroups in confirmatory clinical trials. :20.
1.
Guideline on adjustment for baseline covariates in clinical trials. :11.
ICMJE
- ICMJE. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Medical Journal [Internet]. Available from: https://icmje.org/recommendations/browse/manuscript-preparation/preparing-for-submission.html
- ICMJE. Up-Dated ICMJE Recommendations (January 2024) [Internet]. Available from: https://icmje.org/news-and-editorials/updated_recommendations_jan2024.html
Meta-analysis
8915996
46WZMTXV
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2238WM62KR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ETurner%20SL%2C%20Karahalios%20A%2C%20Forbes%20AB%2C%20Taljaard%20M%2C%20Grimshaw%20JM%2C%20McKenzie%20JE.%20Comparison%20of%20six%20statistical%20methods%20for%20interrupted%20time%20series%20studies%3A%20empirical%20evaluation%20of%20190%20published%20series.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Jun%2026%20%5Bcited%202022%20Feb%2017%5D%3B21%281%29%3A134.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-021-01306-w%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-021-01306-w%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparison%20of%20six%20statistical%20methods%20for%20interrupted%20time%20series%20studies%3A%20empirical%20evaluation%20of%20190%20published%20series%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karahalios%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Forbes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taljaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeremy%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grimshaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanne%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McKenzie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Interrupted%20Time%20Series%20%28ITS%29%20is%20a%20quasi-experimental%20design%20commonly%20used%20in%20public%20health%20to%20evaluate%20the%20impact%20of%20interventions%20or%20exposures.%20Multiple%20statistical%20methods%20are%20available%20to%20analyse%20data%20from%20ITS%20studies%2C%20but%20no%20empirical%20investigation%20has%20examined%20how%20the%20different%20methods%20compare%20when%20applied%20to%20real-world%20datasets.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22June%2026%2C%202021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12874-021-01306-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-021-01306-w%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T08%3A22%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2232UIUV8R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Spineli%20and%20Pandis%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESpineli%20LM%2C%20Pandis%20N.%20Prediction%20interval%20in%20random-effects%20meta-analysis.%20American%20Journal%20of%20Orthodontics%20and%20Dentofacial%20Orthopedics%20%5BInternet%5D.%202020%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20Aug%2014%5D%3B157%284%29%3A586%26%23×2013%3B8.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ajodo.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0889-5406%2820%2930001-9%5C%2Ffulltext%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ajodo.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0889-5406%2820%2930001-9%5C%2Ffulltext%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prediction%20interval%20in%20random-effects%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Loukia%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spineli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolaos%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pandis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-04-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ajodo.2019.12.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220889-5406%2C%201097-6752%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ajodo.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0889-5406%2820%2930001-9%5C%2Ffulltext%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-14T06%3A09%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223IKT8WWV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Potter%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPotter%20GE.%20Dismantling%20the%20Fragility%20Index%3A%20A%20demonstration%20of%20statistical%20reasoning.%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%202020%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jul%2028%5D%3B39%2826%29%3A3720%26%23×2013%3B31.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.8689%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.8689%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dismantling%20the%20Fragility%20Index%3A%20A%20demonstration%20of%20statistical%20reasoning%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gail%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Potter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Fragility%20Index%20has%20been%20introduced%20as%20a%20complement%20to%20the%20P-value%20to%20summarize%20the%20statistical%20strength%20of%20evidence%20for%20a%20trial%27s%20result.%20The%20Fragility%20Index%20%28FI%29%20is%20defined%20in%20trials%20with%20two%20equal%20treatment%20group%20sizes%2C%20with%20a%20dichotomous%20or%20time-to-event%20outcome%2C%20and%20is%20calculated%20as%20the%20minimum%20number%20of%20conversions%20from%20nonevent%20to%20event%20in%20the%20treatment%20group%20needed%20to%20shift%20the%20P-value%20from%20Fisher%27s%20exact%20test%20over%20the%20.05%20threshold.%20As%20the%20index%20lacks%20a%20well-defined%20probability%20motivation%2C%20its%20interpretation%20is%20challenging%20for%20consumers.%20We%20clarify%20what%20the%20FI%20may%20be%20capturing%20by%20separately%20considering%20two%20scenarios%3A%20%28a%29%20what%20the%20FI%20is%20capturing%20mathematically%20when%20the%20probability%20model%20is%20correct%20and%20%28b%29%20how%20well%20the%20FI%20captures%20violations%20of%20probability%20model%20assumptions.%20By%20calculating%20the%20posterior%20probability%20of%20a%20treatment%20effect%2C%20we%20show%20that%20when%20the%20probability%20model%20is%20correct%2C%20the%20FI%20inappropriately%20penalizes%20small%20trials%20for%20using%20fewer%20events%20than%20larger%20trials%20to%20achieve%20the%20same%20significance%20level.%20The%20analysis%20shows%20that%20for%20experiments%20conducted%20without%20bias%2C%20the%20FI%20promotes%20an%20incorrect%20intuition%20of%20probability%2C%20which%20has%20not%20been%20noted%20elsewhere%20and%20must%20be%20dispelled.%20We%20illustrate%20shortcomings%20of%20the%20FI%27s%20ability%20to%20quantify%20departures%20from%20model%20assumptions%20and%20contextualize%20the%20FI%20concept%20within%20current%20debate%20around%20the%20null%20hypothesis%20significance%20testing%20paradigm.%20Altogether%2C%20the%20FI%20creates%20more%20confusion%20than%20it%20resolves%20and%20does%20not%20promote%20statistical%20thinking.%20We%20recommend%20against%20its%20use.%20Instead%2C%20sensitivity%20analyses%20are%20recommended%20to%20quantify%20and%20communicate%20robustness%20of%20trial%20results.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.8689%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221097-0258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.8689%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-28T07%3A19%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UURZMD2T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lin%20and%20Xu%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ELin%20L%2C%20Xu%20C.%20Arcsine-based%20transformations%20for%20meta-analysis%20of%20proportions%3A%20Pros%2C%20cons%2C%20and%20alternatives.%20Health%20Science%20Reports%20%5BInternet%5D.%202020%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jan%2024%5D%3B3%283%29%3Ae178.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.178%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.178%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Arcsine-based%20transformations%20for%20meta-analysis%20of%20proportions%3A%20Pros%2C%20cons%2C%20and%20alternatives%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lifeng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Meta-analyses%20have%20been%20increasingly%20used%20to%20synthesize%20proportions%20%28eg%2C%20disease%20prevalence%29%20from%20multiple%20studies%20in%20recent%20years.%20Arcsine-based%20transformations%2C%20especially%20the%20Freeman%5Cu2013Tukey%20double-arcsine%20transformation%2C%20are%20popular%20tools%20for%20stabilizing%20the%20variance%20of%20each%20study%27s%20proportion%20in%20two-step%20meta-analysis%20methods.%20Although%20they%20offer%20some%20benefits%20over%20the%20conventional%20logit%20transformation%2C%20they%20also%20suffer%20from%20several%20important%20limitations%20%28eg%2C%20lack%20of%20interpretability%29%20and%20may%20lead%20to%20misleading%20conclusions.%20Generalized%20linear%20mixed%20models%20and%20Bayesian%20models%20are%20intuitive%20one-step%20alternative%20approaches%2C%20and%20can%20be%20readily%20implemented%20via%20many%20software%20programs.%20This%20article%20explains%20various%20pros%20and%20cons%20of%20the%20arcsine-based%20transformations%2C%20and%20discusses%20the%20alternatives%20that%20may%20be%20generally%20superior%20to%20the%20currently%20popular%20practice.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.178%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222398-8835%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.178%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P39HIQTZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Seide%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESeide%20SE%2C%20R%26%23xF6%3Bver%20C%2C%20Friede%20T.%20Likelihood-based%20random-effects%20meta-analysis%20with%20few%20studies%3A%20empirical%20and%20simulation%20studies.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20Jan%2011%20%5Bcited%202022%20Mar%2010%5D%3B19%281%29%3A16.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-018-0618-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-018-0618-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Likelihood-based%20random-effects%20meta-analysis%20with%20few%20studies%3A%20empirical%20and%20simulation%20studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Svenja%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seide%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R%5Cu00f6ver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friede%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Standard%20random-effects%20meta-analysis%20methods%20perform%20poorly%20when%20applied%20to%20few%20studies%20only.%20Such%20settings%20however%20are%20commonly%20encountered%20in%20practice.%20It%20is%20unclear%2C%20whether%20or%20to%20what%20extent%20small-sample-size%20behaviour%20can%20be%20improved%20by%20more%20sophisticated%20modeling.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-01-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12874-018-0618-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12874-018-0618-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-10T07%3A33%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GSG953F3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chaimani%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EChaimani%20A%2C%20Caldwell%20DM%2C%20Li%20T%2C%20Higgins%20JP%2C%20Salanti%20G.%20Undertaking%20network%20meta-analyses.%20In%3A%20Cochrane%20Handbook%20for%20Systematic%20Reviews%20of%20Interventions%20%5BInternet%5D.%20John%20Wiley%20%26amp%3B%20Sons%2C%20Ltd%3B%202019%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jul%2025%5D.%20p.%20285%26%23×2013%3B320.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F9781119536604.ch11%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F9781119536604.ch11%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Undertaking%20network%20meta-analyses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaimani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deborah%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tianjing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julian%20PT%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higgins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salanti%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20chapter%20provides%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20concepts%2C%20assumptions%20and%20methods%20that%20relate%20to%20network%20meta-analyses%20and%20to%20the%20indirect%20intervention%20comparisons%20on%20which%20they%20are%20built.%20It%20first%20describes%20what%20an%20indirect%20comparison%20is%20and%20how%20it%20can%20be%20made%20in%20a%20simple%20trio%20of%20interventions.%20The%20chapter%20then%20introduces%20the%20notion%20of%20transitivity%20%28and%20its%20statistical%20analogue%2C%20coherence%29%20as%20the%20core%20assumption%20underlying%20the%20validity%20of%20an%20indirect%20comparison.%20It%20also%20provides%20guidance%20on%20the%20design%20of%20a%20Cochrane%20Review%20with%20multiple%20interventions%20and%20the%20appropriate%20definition%20of%20the%20research%20question%20with%20respect%20to%20selecting%20studies%2C%20outcomes%20and%20interventions.%20The%20chapter%20further%20briefly%20describes%20the%20available%20statistical%20methods%20for%20synthesizing%20the%20data%2C%20estimating%20the%20relative%20ranking%20and%20assessing%20coherence%20in%20a%20network%20of%20interventions.%20Finally%2C%20it%20provides%20approaches%20for%20evaluating%20confidence%20in%20the%20evidence%20and%20presenting%20the%20evidence%20base%20and%20the%20results%20from%20a%20network%20meta-analysis.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Cochrane%20Handbook%20for%20Systematic%20Reviews%20of%20Interventions%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-119-53660-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F9781119536604.ch11%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-25T08%3A46%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RZ7EBYZH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fusar-Poli%20and%20Radua%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EFusar-Poli%20P%2C%20Radua%20J.%20Ten%20simple%20rules%20for%20conducting%20umbrella%20reviews.%20Evid%20Based%20Mental%20Health%20%5BInternet%5D.%202018%20%5Bcited%202023%20Feb%2014%5D%3B21%283%29%3A95%26%23×2013%3B100.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febmh.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Febmental-2018-300014%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febmh.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Febmental-2018-300014%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ten%20simple%20rules%20for%20conducting%20umbrella%20reviews%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paolo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fusar-Poli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joaquim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Radua%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objective%5Cu2002%20Evidence%20syntheses%20such%20as%20systematic%20reviews%20and%20meta-analyses%20provide%20a%20rigorous%20and%20transparent%20knowledge%20base%20for%20translating%20clinical%20research%20into%20decisions%2C%20and%20thus%20they%20represent%20the%20basic%20unit%20of%20knowledge%20in%20medicine.%20Umbrella%20reviews%20are%20reviews%20of%20previously%20published%20systematic%20reviews%20or%20meta-analyses.%20Therefore%2C%20they%20represent%20one%20of%20the%20highest%20levels%20of%20evidence%20synthesis%20currently%20available%2C%20and%20are%20becoming%20increasingly%20influential%20in%20biomedical%20literature.%20However%2C%20practical%20guidance%20on%20how%20to%20conduct%20umbrella%20reviews%20is%20relatively%20limited.%5CnMethods%5Cu2002%20We%20present%20a%20critical%20educational%20review%20of%20published%20umbrella%20reviews%2C%20focusing%20on%20the%20essential%20practical%20steps%20required%20to%20produce%20robust%20umbrella%20reviews%20in%20the%20medical%20field.%5CnResults%5Cu2002%20The%20current%20manuscript%20discusses%2010%20key%20points%20to%20consider%20for%20conducting%20robust%20umbrella%20reviews.%20The%20points%20are%3A%20ensure%20that%20the%20umbrella%20review%20is%20really%20needed%2C%20prespecify%20the%20protocol%2C%20clearly%20define%20the%20variables%20of%20interest%2C%20estimate%20a%20common%20effect%20size%2C%20report%20the%20heterogeneity%20and%20potential%20biases%2C%20perform%20a%20stratification%20of%20the%20evidence%2C%20conduct%20sensitivity%20analyses%2C%20report%20transparent%20results%2C%20use%20appropriate%20software%20and%20acknowledge%20the%20limitations.%20We%20illustrate%20these%20points%20through%20recent%20examples%20from%20umbrella%20reviews%20and%20suggest%20specific%20practical%20recommendations.%5CnConclusions%5Cu2002%20The%20current%20manuscript%20provides%20a%20practical%20guidance%20for%20conducting%20umbrella%20reviews%20in%20medical%20areas.%20Researchers%2C%20clinicians%20and%20policy%20makers%20might%20use%20the%20key%20points%20illustrated%20here%20to%20inform%20the%20planning%2C%20conduction%20and%20reporting%20of%20umbrella%20reviews%20in%20medicine.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2208%5C%2F2018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Febmental-2018-300014%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221362-0347%2C%201468-960X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febmh.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Febmental-2018-300014%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-14T09%3A20%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VZXJFLKL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Faber%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-03-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EFaber%20T%2C%20Ravaud%20P%2C%20Riveros%20C%2C%20Perrodeau%20E%2C%20Dechartres%20A.%20Meta-analyses%20including%20non-randomized%20studies%20of%20therapeutic%20interventions%3A%20a%20methodological%20review.%20BMC%20Med%20Res%20Methodol%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20Mar%2022%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B16%3A35.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC4804609%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC4804609%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Meta-analyses%20including%20non-randomized%20studies%20of%20therapeutic%20interventions%3A%20a%20methodological%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ravaud%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riveros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elodie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perrodeau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Agnes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dechartres%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnThere%20is%20an%20increasing%20number%20of%20meta-analyses%20including%20data%20from%20non-randomized%20studies%20for%20therapeutic%20evaluation.%20We%20aimed%20to%20systematically%20assess%20the%20methods%20used%20in%20meta-analyses%20including%20non-randomized%20studies%20evaluating%20therapeutic%20interventions.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnFor%20this%20methodological%20review%2C%20we%20searched%20MEDLINE%20via%20PubMed%2C%20from%20January%201%2C%202013%20to%20December%2031%2C%202013%20for%20meta-analyses%20including%20at%20least%20one%20non-randomized%20study%20evaluating%20therapeutic%20interventions.%20Etiological%20assessments%20and%20meta-analyses%20with%20no%20comparison%20group%20were%20excluded.%20Two%20reviewers%20independently%20assessed%20the%20general%20characteristics%20and%20key%20methodological%20components%20of%20the%20systematic%20review%20process%20and%20meta-analysis%20methods.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnOne%20hundred%20eighty%20eight%20meta-analyses%20were%20selected%3A%20119%20included%20both%20randomized%20controlled%20trials%20%28RCTs%29%20and%20non-randomized%20studies%20of%20interventions%20%28NRSI%29%20and%2069%20only%20NRSI.%20Half%20of%20the%20meta-analyses%20%28n%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu200992%2C%2049%5Cu00a0%25%29%20evaluated%20non-pharmacological%20interventions.%20%5Cu201cGrey%20literature%5Cu201d%20was%20searched%20for%2072%20meta-analyses%20%2838%5Cu00a0%25%29.%20An%20assessment%20of%20methodological%20quality%20or%20risk%20of%20bias%20was%20reported%20in%20135%20meta-analyses%20%2872%5Cu00a0%25%29%20but%20this%20assessment%20considered%20the%20risk%20of%20confounding%20bias%20in%20only%2033%20meta-analyses%20%2818%5Cu00a0%25%29.%20In%20130%20meta-analyses%20%2869%5Cu00a0%25%29%2C%20the%20design%20of%20each%20NRSI%20was%20not%20clearly%20specified.%20In%20131%20%2870%5Cu00a0%25%29%2C%20whether%20crude%20or%20adjusted%20estimates%20of%20treatment%20effect%20for%20NRSI%20were%20combined%20was%20unclear%20or%20not%20reported.%20Heterogeneity%20across%20studies%20was%20assessed%20in%20182%20meta-analyses%20%2897%5Cu00a0%25%29%20and%20further%20explored%20in%20157%20%2884%5Cu00a0%25%29.%20Reporting%20bias%20was%20assessed%20in%20127%20%2868%5Cu00a0%25%29.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnSome%20key%20methodological%20components%20of%20the%20systematic%20review%20process%5Cu2014search%20for%20grey%20literature%2C%20description%20of%20the%20type%20of%20NRSI%20included%2C%20assessment%20of%20risk%20of%20confounding%20bias%20and%20reporting%20of%20whether%20crude%20or%20adjusted%20estimates%20were%20combined%5Cu2014are%20not%20adequately%20carried%20out%20or%20reported%20in%20meta-analyses%20including%20NRSI.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-3-22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12874-016-0136-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC4804609%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222JWMDD2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22IntHout%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EIntHout%20J%2C%20Ioannidis%20JPA%2C%20Rovers%20MM%2C%20Goeman%20JJ.%20Plea%20for%20routinely%20presenting%20prediction%20intervals%20in%20meta-analysis.%20BMJ%20Open%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jul%2013%5D%3B6%287%29%3Ae010247.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2015-010247%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2015-010247%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Plea%20for%20routinely%20presenting%20prediction%20intervals%20in%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22IntHout%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20P%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ioannidis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maroeska%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rovers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jelle%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goeman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objectives%3A%20Evaluating%20the%20variation%20in%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20effect%20across%20studies%20is%20a%20key%20feature%20of%20metaanalyses.%20This%20variability%20is%20reflected%20by%20measures%20like%20%5Cu03c42%20or%20I2%2C%20but%20their%20clinical%20interpretation%20is%20not%20straightforward.%20A%20prediction%20interval%20is%20less%20complicated%3A%20it%20presents%20the%20expected%20range%20of%20true%20effects%20in%20similar%20studies.%20We%20aimed%20to%20show%20the%20advantages%20of%20having%20the%20prediction%20interval%20routinely%20reported%20in%20meta-analyses.%20Design%3A%20We%20show%20how%20the%20prediction%20interval%20can%20help%20understand%20the%20uncertainty%20about%20whether%20an%20intervention%20works%20or%20not.%20To%20evaluate%20the%20implications%20of%20using%20this%20interval%20to%20interpret%20the%20results%2C%20we%20selected%20the%20first%20meta-analysis%20per%20intervention%20review%20of%20the%20Cochrane%20Database%20of%20Systematic%20Reviews%20Issues%202009%5Cu20132013%20with%20a%20dichotomous%20%28n%3D2009%29%20or%20continuous%20%28n%3D1254%29%20outcome%2C%20and%20generated%2095%25%20prediction%20intervals%20for%20them.%5CnResults%3A%20In%2072.4%25%20of%20479%20statistically%20significant%20%28random-effects%20p%3C0.05%29%20meta-analyses%20in%20the%20Cochrane%20Database%202009%5Cu20132013%20with%20heterogeneity%20%28I2%3E0%29%2C%20the%2095%25%20prediction%20interval%20suggested%20that%20the%20intervention%20effect%20could%20be%20null%20or%20even%20be%20in%20the%20opposite%20direction.%20In%2020.3%25%20of%20those%20479%20meta-analyses%2C%20the%20prediction%20interval%20showed%20that%20the%20effect%20could%20be%20completely%20opposite%20to%20the%20point%20estimate%20of%20the%20meta-analysis.%20We%20demonstrate%20also%20how%20the%20prediction%20interval%20can%20be%20used%20to%20calculate%20the%20probability%20that%20a%20new%20trial%20will%20show%20a%20negative%20effect%20and%20to%20improve%20the%20calculations%20of%20the%20power%20of%20a%20new%20trial.%5CnConclusions%3A%20The%20prediction%20interval%20reflects%20the%20variation%20in%20treatment%20effects%20over%20different%20settings%2C%20including%20what%20effect%20is%20to%20be%20expected%20in%20future%20patients%2C%20such%20as%20the%20patients%20that%20a%20clinician%20is%20interested%20to%20treat.%20Prediction%20intervals%20should%20be%20routinely%20reported%20to%20allow%20more%20informative%20inferences%20in%20meta-analyses.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207%5C%2F2016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2015-010247%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222044-6055%2C%202044-6055%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2015-010247%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-07-13T09%3A15%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P6LUAHEU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Salanti%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESalanti%20G.%20Indirect%20and%20mixed-treatment%20comparison%2C%20network%2C%20or%20multiple-treatments%20meta-analysis%3A%20many%20names%2C%20many%20benefits%2C%20many%20concerns%20for%20the%20next%20generation%20evidence%20synthesis%20tool.%20Research%20Synthesis%20Methods%20%5BInternet%5D.%202012%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jul%2025%5D%3B3%282%29%3A80%26%23×2013%3B97.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjrsm.1037%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjrsm.1037%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Indirect%20and%20mixed-treatment%20comparison%2C%20network%2C%20or%20multiple-treatments%20meta-analysis%3A%20many%20names%2C%20many%20benefits%2C%20many%20concerns%20for%20the%20next%20generation%20evidence%20synthesis%20tool%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salanti%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20ever%20increasing%20number%20of%20alternative%20treatment%20options%20and%20the%20plethora%20of%20clinical%20trials%20have%20put%20systematic%20reviews%20and%20meta-analysis%20under%20a%20new%20perspective%20by%20emphasizing%20the%20need%20to%20make%20inferences%20about%20competing%20treatments%20for%20the%20same%20condition.%20The%20statistical%20component%20in%20reviews%20that%20compare%20multiple%20interventions%2C%20network%20meta-analysis%2C%20is%20the%20next%20generation%20evidence%20synthesis%20toolkit%20which%2C%20when%20properly%20applied%2C%20can%20serve%20decision-making%20better%20than%20the%20established%20pairwise%20meta-analysis.%20The%20criticism%20and%20enthusiasm%20for%20network%20meta-analysis%20echo%20those%20that%20greeted%20the%20advent%20of%20simple%20meta-analysis.%20The%20main%20criticism%20is%20associated%20with%20the%20difficulty%20in%20evaluating%20the%20assumption%20underlying%20the%20statistical%20synthesis%20of%20direct%20and%20indirect%20evidence.%20In%20the%20present%20article%2C%20the%20assumption%20of%20the%20network%20meta-analysis%20are%20presented%20using%20various%20formulations%2C%20the%20statistical%20and%20nonstatistical%20methodological%20considerations%20are%20elucidated%2C%20and%20the%20progress%20achieved%20in%20this%20field%20is%20summarized.%20Throughout%2C%20focus%20is%20put%20on%20highlighting%20the%20analogy%20between%20the%20concerns%20and%20difficulties%20that%20the%20scientific%20community%20had%20some%20time%20ago%20when%20advancing%20from%20individual%20trials%20to%20their%20quantitative%20synthesis%20via%20meta-analysis%20and%20those%20currently%20expressed%20about%20the%20transition%20from%20head-to-head%20meta-analyses%20to%20network%20meta-analysis.%20Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%202012%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons%2C%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fjrsm.1037%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221759-2887%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjrsm.1037%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-25T08%3A46%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AWZJX8VJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Higgins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHiggins%20JPT%2C%20Thompson%20SG%2C%20Spiegelhalter%20DJ.%20A%20re-evaluation%20of%20random-effects%20meta-analysis.%20J%20R%20Stat%20Soc%20Ser%20A%20Stat%20Soc%20%5BInternet%5D.%202009%20Jan%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B172%281%29%3A137%26%23×2013%3B59.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2667312%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2667312%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20re-evaluation%20of%20random-effects%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Julian%20P%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higgins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spiegelhalter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Meta-analysis%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20unexplained%20heterogeneity%20is%20frequently%20undertaken%20by%20using%20a%20random-effects%20model%2C%20in%20which%20the%20effects%20underlying%20different%20studies%20are%20assumed%20to%20be%20drawn%20from%20a%20normal%20distribution.%20Here%20we%20discuss%20the%20justification%20and%20interpretation%20of%20such%20models%2C%20by%20addressing%20in%20turn%20the%20aims%20of%20estimation%2C%20prediction%20and%20hypothesis%20testing.%20A%20particular%20issue%20that%20we%20consider%20is%20the%20distinction%20between%20inference%20on%20the%20mean%20of%20the%20random-effects%20distribution%20and%20inference%20on%20the%20whole%20distribution.%20We%20suggest%20that%20random-effects%20meta-analyses%20as%20currently%20conducted%20often%20fail%20to%20provide%20the%20key%20results%2C%20and%20we%20investigate%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20distribution-free%2C%20classical%20and%20Bayesian%20approaches%20can%20provide%20satisfactory%20methods.%20We%20conclude%20that%20the%20Bayesian%20approach%20has%20the%20advantage%20of%20naturally%20allowing%20for%20full%20uncertainty%2C%20especially%20for%20prediction.%20However%2C%20it%20is%20not%20without%20problems%2C%20including%20computational%20intensity%20and%20sensitivity%20to%20a%20priori%20judgements.%20We%20propose%20a%20simple%20prediction%20interval%20for%20classical%20meta-analysis%20and%20offer%20extensions%20to%20standard%20practice%20of%20Bayesian%20meta-analysis%2C%20making%20use%20of%20an%20example%20of%20studies%20of%20%5Cu2018set%20shifting%5Cu2019%20ability%20in%20people%20with%20eating%20disorders.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1467-985X.2008.00552.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220964-1998%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2667312%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A49%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NUGGS4CF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22R%5Cu00fccker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-11-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ER%26%23xFC%3Bcker%20G%2C%20Schwarzer%20G%2C%20Carpenter%20JR%2C%20Schumacher%20M.%20Undue%20reliance%20on%20I2%20in%20assessing%20heterogeneity%20may%20mislead.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202008%20Nov%2027%20%5Bcited%202024%20May%2031%5D%3B8%281%29%3A79.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-79%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-79%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Undue%20reliance%20on%20I2%20in%20assessing%20heterogeneity%20may%20mislead%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gerta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R%5Cu00fccker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwarzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carpenter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schumacher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20heterogeneity%20statistic%20I2%2C%20interpreted%20as%20the%20percentage%20of%20variability%20due%20to%20heterogeneity%20between%20studies%20rather%20than%20sampling%20error%2C%20depends%20on%20precision%2C%20that%20is%2C%20the%20size%20of%20the%20studies%20included.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-11-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-79%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-79%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-31T16%3A26%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FYPI7Q4C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bender%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBender%20R%2C%20Bunce%20C%2C%20Clarke%20M%2C%20Gates%20S%2C%20Lange%20S%2C%20Pace%20NL%2C%20et%20al.%20Attention%20should%20be%20given%20to%20multiplicity%20issues%20in%20systematic%20reviews.%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202008%20Sep%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20May%209%5D%3B61%289%29%3A857%26%23×2013%3B65.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jclinepi.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0895-4356%2808%2900093-0%5C%2Fabstract%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jclinepi.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0895-4356%2808%2900093-0%5C%2Fabstract%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Attention%20should%20be%20given%20to%20multiplicity%20issues%20in%20systematic%20reviews%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralf%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bender%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bunce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathan%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pace%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorlund%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jclinepi.2008.03.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220895-4356%2C%201878-5921%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jclinepi.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FS0895-4356%2808%2900093-0%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-09T06%3A10%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G4EDU826%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Stewart%20and%20Tierney%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EStewart%20LA%2C%20Tierney%20JF.%20To%20IPD%20or%20not%20to%20IPD%3F%20Advantages%20and%20disadvantages%20of%20systematic%20reviews%20using%20individual%20patient%20data.%20Eval%20Health%20Prof.%202002%20Mar%3B25%281%29%3A76%26%23×2013%3B97.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22To%20IPD%20or%20not%20to%20IPD%3F%20Advantages%20and%20disadvantages%20of%20systematic%20reviews%20using%20individual%20patient%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lesley%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stewart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jayne%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tierney%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Systematic%20reviews%20and%20meta-analyses%20that%20obtain%20original%20research%20data%20on%20individual%20participants%20enrolled%20in%20trials%20have%20been%20described%20as%20the%20gold%20standard%20of%20review.%20However%2C%20they%20may%20take%20longer%20and%20be%20more%20resource%20intensive%20than%20other%20types%20of%20review.%20The%20authors%20describe%20potential%20advantages%20and%20disadvantages%20of%20the%20individual%20patient%20data%20%28IPD%29%20approach%2C%20including%20benefits%20from%20improved%20data%20quality%2C%20benefits%20afforded%20by%20the%20type%20of%20analyses%20that%20can%20be%20done%2C%20and%20advantages%20in%20achieving%20consensus%20around%20results%20and%20interpretation%20by%20an%20international%20multidisciplinary%20team.%20Disadvantages%20and%20barriers%20relating%20to%20resource%20and%20expertise%2C%20negotiating%20collaboration%2C%20and%20software%20requirements%20are%20also%20discussed.%20At%20the%20outset%2C%20reviewers%20should%20consider%20the%20methodological%20factors%20likely%20to%20influence%20results%20in%20their%20particular%20review%20setting%2C%20together%20with%20time%20and%20resource%20constraints%2C%20so%20that%20an%20active%20decision%20can%20be%20made%20about%20whether%20to%20extract%20data%20from%20published%20reports%2C%20collect%20additional%20or%20replacement%20summary%20data%20from%20trialists%2C%20or%20collect%20IPD.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F0163278702025001006%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220163-2787%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-02T07%3A32%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E62R5SCR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EChapter%2011%3A%20Undertaking%20network%20meta-analyses%20%5BInternet%5D.%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jul%2025%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftraining.cochrane.org%5C%2Fhandbook%5C%2Fcurrent%5C%2Fchapter-11%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftraining.cochrane.org%5C%2Fhandbook%5C%2Fcurrent%5C%2Fchapter-11%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chapter%2011%3A%20Undertaking%20network%20meta-analyses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftraining.cochrane.org%5C%2Fhandbook%5C%2Fcurrent%5C%2Fchapter-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246WZMTXV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-25T09%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Turner SL, Karahalios A, Forbes AB, Taljaard M, Grimshaw JM, McKenzie JE. Comparison of six statistical methods for interrupted time series studies: empirical evaluation of 190 published series. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2021 Jun 26 [cited 2022 Feb 17];21(1):134. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01306-w
1.
Spineli LM, Pandis N. Prediction interval in random-effects meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2024 Aug 14];157(4):586–8. Available from: https://www.ajodo.org/article/S0889-5406(20)30001-9/fulltext
1.
Potter GE. Dismantling the Fragility Index: A demonstration of statistical reasoning. Statistics in Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 28];39(26):3720–31. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sim.8689
1.
Lin L, Xu C. Arcsine-based transformations for meta-analysis of proportions: Pros, cons, and alternatives. Health Science Reports [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 24];3(3):e178. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hsr2.178
1.
Seide SE, Röver C, Friede T. Likelihood-based random-effects meta-analysis with few studies: empirical and simulation studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2019 Jan 11 [cited 2022 Mar 10];19(1):16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0618-3
1.
Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Li T, Higgins JP, Salanti G. Undertaking network meta-analyses. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2019 [cited 2022 Jul 25]. p. 285–320. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119536604.ch11
1.
Fusar-Poli P, Radua J. Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evid Based Mental Health [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 14];21(3):95–100. Available from: https://ebmh.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300014
1.
Faber T, Ravaud P, Riveros C, Perrodeau E, Dechartres A. Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review. BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet]. 2016 Mar 22 [cited 2021 Dec 31];16:35. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804609/
1.
IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 13];6(7):e010247. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
1.
Salanti G. Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Research Synthesis Methods [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Jul 25];3(2):80–97. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jrsm.1037
1.
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2021 Dec 31];172(1):137–59. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667312/
1.
Rücker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, Schumacher M. Undue reliance on I2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2008 Nov 27 [cited 2024 May 31];8(1):79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-79
1.
Bender R, Bunce C, Clarke M, Gates S, Lange S, Pace NL, et al. Attention should be given to multiplicity issues in systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology [Internet]. 2008 Sep 1 [cited 2024 May 9];61(9):857–65. Available from: https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(08)00093-0/abstract
1.
Stewart LA, Tierney JF. To IPD or not to IPD? Advantages and disadvantages of systematic reviews using individual patient data. Eval Health Prof. 2002 Mar;25(1):76–97.
1.
Chapter 11: Undertaking network meta-analyses [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 25]. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-11
Miscellaneous
8915996
ND6C2YKD
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22XFJFSFRD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haslberger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHaslberger%20M%2C%20Gestrich%20S%2C%20Strech%20D.%20Reporting%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20clinical%20trial%20publications%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study%20of%20German%20trials.%20BMJ%20Open%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202023%20Sep%2011%5D%3B13%284%29%3Ae069553.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reporting%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20clinical%20trial%20publications%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study%20of%20German%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haslberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gestrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strech%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objective%20Prospective%20registration%20has%20been%20widely%20implemented%20and%20accepted%20as%20a%20best%20practice%20in%20clinical%20research%2C%20but%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20still%20commonly%20found.%20We%20assessed%20to%20what%20extent%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20reported%20transparently%20in%20journal%20publications%20and%20investigated%20factors%20associated%20with%20transparent%20reporting.%5CnDesign%20We%20used%20a%20dataset%20of%20trials%20registered%20in%20ClinicalTrials.gov%20or%20Deutsches%20Register%20Klinischer%20Studien%2C%20with%20a%20German%20University%20Medical%20Center%20as%20the%20lead%20centre%2C%20completed%20in%202009%5Cu20132017%2C%20and%20with%20a%20corresponding%20peer-reviewed%20results%20publication.%20We%20extracted%20all%20registration%20statements%20from%20results%20publications%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20trials%20and%20assessed%20whether%20they%20mention%20or%20justify%20the%20retrospective%20registration.%20We%20analysed%20associations%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20and%20reporting%20thereof%20with%20registration%20number%20reporting%2C%20International%20Committee%20of%20Medical%20Journal%20Editors%20%28ICMJE%29%20membership%5C%2F-following%20and%20industry%20sponsorship%20using%20%5Cu03c72%20or%20Fisher%20exact%20test.%5CnResults%20In%20the%20dataset%20of%201927%20trials%20with%20a%20corresponding%20results%20publication%2C%20956%20%2853.7%25%29%20were%20retrospectively%20registered.%20Of%20those%2C%202.2%25%20%2821%29%20explicitly%20report%20the%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20the%20abstract%20and%203.5%25%20%2833%29%20in%20the%20full%20text.%20In%202.1%25%20%2820%29%20of%20publications%2C%20authors%20provide%20an%20explanation%20for%20the%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20the%20full%20text.%20Registration%20numbers%20were%20significantly%20underreported%20in%20abstracts%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20trials%20compared%20with%20prospectively%20registered%20trials.%20Publications%20in%20ICMJE%20member%20journals%20did%20not%20have%20statistically%20significantly%20higher%20rates%20of%20both%20prospective%20registration%20and%20disclosure%20of%20retrospective%20registration%2C%20and%20publications%20in%20journals%20claiming%20to%20follow%20ICMJE%20recommendations%20showed%20statistically%20significantly%20lower%20rates%20compared%20with%20non-ICMJE-following%20journals.%20Industry%20sponsorship%20of%20trials%20was%20significantly%20associated%20with%20higher%20rates%20of%20prospective%20registration%2C%20but%20not%20with%20transparent%20registration%20reporting.%5CnConclusions%20Contrary%20to%20ICMJE%20guidance%2C%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20disclosed%20and%20explained%20only%20in%20a%20small%20number%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20studies.%20Disclosure%20of%20the%20retrospective%20nature%20of%20the%20registration%20would%20require%20a%20brief%20statement%20in%20the%20manuscript%20and%20could%20be%20easily%20implemented%20by%20journals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F04%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2022-069553%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222044-6055%2C%202044-6055%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-11T06%3A43%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F2CW9KSQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cashin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECashin%20AG%2C%20Richards%20GC%2C%20DeVito%20NJ%2C%20Mellor%20DT%2C%20Lee%20H.%20Registration%20of%20health%20and%20medical%20research.%20BMJ%20Evidence-Based%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Dec%2021%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jan%2020%5D%3B%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febm.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2021%5C%2F12%5C%2F21%5C%2Fbmjebm-2021-111836%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febm.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2021%5C%2F12%5C%2F21%5C%2Fbmjebm-2021-111836%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Registration%20of%20health%20and%20medical%20research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aidan%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cashin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgia%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeVito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mellor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hopin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Registration%20of%20health%20and%20medical%20research%20is%20an%20effective%20way%20of%20improving%20the%20transparency%20and%20credibility%20of%20evidence.%20Registration%20involves%20pre-specifying%20the%20research%20objectives%2C%20design%2C%20methods%20and%20analytic%20plan%20on%20a%20publicly%20accessible%20repository%20before%20conducting%20the%20study.%20Registration%20can%20reduce%20bias%20and%20improve%20the%20transparency%20and%20credibility%20of%20research%20findings.%20Registration%20is%20mandated%20for%20clinical%20trials%2C%20but%20it%20is%20also%20relevant%20to%20systematic%20reviews%2C%20observational%20and%20preclinical%20experimental%20research.%20This%20paper%20describes%20how%20researchers%20can%20register%20their%20research%20and%20outlines%20possible%20barriers%20and%20challenges%20in%20doing%20so.%20Widespread%20adoption%20of%20research%20registration%20can%20reduce%20research%20waste%20and%20improve%20evidence-informed%20clinical%20and%20policy%20decision%20making.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F12%5C%2F21%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmjebm-2021-111836%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222515-446X%2C%202515-4478%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Febm.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2021%5C%2F12%5C%2F21%5C%2Fbmjebm-2021-111836%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-20T06%3A43%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NE84GKVX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EZhang%20Y%2C%20Hedo%20R%2C%20Rivera%20A%2C%20Rull%20R%2C%20Richardson%20S%2C%20Tu%20XM.%20Post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%3A%20is%20it%20an%20informative%20and%20meaningful%20analysis%3F%20Gen%20Psychiatr%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20Aug%208%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jun%2027%5D%3B32%284%29%3Ae100069.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%3A%20is%20it%20an%20informative%20and%20meaningful%20analysis%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yiran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hedo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rudolph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rull%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sabrina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xin%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Power%20analysis%20is%20a%20key%20component%20for%20planning%20prospective%20studies%20such%20as%20clinical%20trials.%20However%2C%20some%20journals%20in%20biomedical%20and%20psychosocial%20sciences%20ask%20for%20power%20analysis%20for%20data%20already%20collected%20and%20analysed%20before%20accepting%20manuscripts%20for%20publication.%20In%20this%20report%2C%20post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%20for%20retrospective%20studies%20is%20examined%20and%20the%20informativeness%20of%20understanding%20the%20power%20for%20detecting%20significant%20effects%20of%20the%20results%20analysed%2C%20using%20the%20same%20data%20on%20which%20the%20power%20analysis%20is%20based%2C%20is%20scrutinised.%20Monte%20Carlo%20simulation%20is%20used%20to%20investigate%20the%20performance%20of%20posthoc%20power%20analysis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-8-8%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fgpsych-2019-100069%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222517-729X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-27T06%3A25%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226XS25ELT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellomo%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBellomo%20R.%20The%20dangers%20of%20dogma%20in%20medicine.%20Medical%20Journal%20of%20Australia%20%5BInternet%5D.%202011%20%5Bcited%202023%20Feb%201%5D%3B195%287%29%3A372%26%23×2013%3B3.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.5694%5C%2Fmja11.10866%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.5694%5C%2Fmja11.10866%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20dangers%20of%20dogma%20in%20medicine%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rinaldo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellomo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%5C%2F2011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5694%5C%2Fmja11.10866%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220025-729X%2C%201326-5377%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.5694%5C%2Fmja11.10866%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%2C%22SQRMJF2U%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T14%3A49%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BEVNAYAP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vittinghoff%20and%20McCulloch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-03-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EVittinghoff%20E%2C%20McCulloch%20CE.%20Relaxing%20the%20rule%20of%20ten%20events%20per%20variable%20in%20logistic%20and%20Cox%20regression.%20Am%20J%20Epidemiol.%202007%20Mar%2015%3B165%286%29%3A710%26%23×2013%3B8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relaxing%20the%20rule%20of%20ten%20events%20per%20variable%20in%20logistic%20and%20Cox%20regression%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vittinghoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCulloch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20rule%20of%20thumb%20that%20logistic%20and%20Cox%20models%20should%20be%20used%20with%20a%20minimum%20of%2010%20outcome%20events%20per%20predictor%20variable%20%28EPV%29%2C%20based%20on%20two%20simulation%20studies%2C%20may%20be%20too%20conservative.%20The%20authors%20conducted%20a%20large%20simulation%20study%20of%20other%20influences%20on%20confidence%20interval%20coverage%2C%20type%20I%20error%2C%20relative%20bias%2C%20and%20other%20model%20performance%20measures.%20They%20found%20a%20range%20of%20circumstances%20in%20which%20coverage%20and%20bias%20were%20within%20acceptable%20levels%20despite%20less%20than%2010%20EPV%2C%20as%20well%20as%20other%20factors%20that%20were%20as%20influential%20as%20or%20more%20influential%20than%20EPV.%20They%20conclude%20that%20this%20rule%20can%20be%20relaxed%2C%20in%20particular%20for%20sensitivity%20analyses%20undertaken%20to%20demonstrate%20adequate%20control%20of%20confounding.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007-03-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwk052%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9262%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A08%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NMGUY3RP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ruxton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-07-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERuxton%20GD.%20The%20unequal%20variance%20t-test%20is%20an%20underused%20alternative%20to%20Student%26%23×2019%3Bs%20t-test%20and%20the%20Mann%26%23×2013%3BWhitney%20U%20test.%20Behavioral%20Ecology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20Jul%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20Aug%2030%5D%3B17%284%29%3A688%26%23×2013%3B90.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F17%5C%2F4%5C%2F688%5C%2F215960%5C%2FThe-unequal-variance-ttest-is-an-underused%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F17%5C%2F4%5C%2F688%5C%2F215960%5C%2FThe-unequal-variance-ttest-is-an-underused%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20unequal%20variance%20t-test%20is%20an%20underused%20alternative%20to%20Student%27s%20t-test%20and%20the%20Mann%5Cu2013Whitney%20U%20test%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Graeme%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruxton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-07-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Fark016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221465-7279%2C%201045-2249%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F17%5C%2F4%5C%2F688%5C%2F215960%5C%2FThe-unequal-variance-ttest-is-an-underused%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-30T07%3A01%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HTWQFNXN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hart%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-08-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHart%20A.%20Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20not%20just%20a%20test%20of%20medians%3A%20differences%20in%20spread%20can%20be%20important.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202001%20Aug%2018%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jun%2026%5D%3B323%287309%29%3A391%26%23×2013%3B3.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F323%5C%2F7309%5C%2F391%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F323%5C%2F7309%5C%2F391%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20not%20just%20a%20test%20of%20medians%3A%20differences%20in%20spread%20can%20be%20important%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Mann-Whitney%20%28or%20Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney%29%20test%20is%20sometimes%20used%20for%20comparing%20the%20efficacy%20of%20two%20treatments%20in%20clinical%20trials.%20It%20is%20often%20presented%20as%20an%20alternative%20to%20a%20t%20test%20when%20the%20data%20are%20not%20normally%20distributed.%20Whereas%20a%20t%20test%20is%20a%20test%20of%20population%20means%2C%20the%20Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20commonly%20regarded%20as%20a%20test%20of%20population%20medians.%20This%20is%20not%20strictly%20true%2C%20and%20treating%20it%20as%20such%20can%20lead%20to%20inadequate%20analysis%20of%20data.%5Cn%5Cn%23%23%23%23%20Summary%20points%5Cn%5CnThe%20Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20used%20as%20an%20alternative%20to%20a%20t%20test%20when%20the%20data%20are%20not%20normally%20distributed%5Cn%5CnThe%20test%20can%20detect%20differences%20in%20shape%20and%20spread%20as%20well%20as%20just%20differences%20in%20medians%5Cn%5CnDifferences%20in%20population%20medians%20are%20often%20accompanied%20by%20equally%20important%20differences%20in%20shape%5Cn%5CnResearchers%20should%20describe%20the%20clinically%20important%20features%20of%20data%20and%20not%20just%20quote%20a%20P%20value%5Cn%5CnThe%20Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20a%20test%20of%20both%20location%20and%20shape.%20Given%20two%20independent%20samples%2C%20it%20tests%20whether%20one%20variable%20tends%20to%20have%20values%20higher%20than%20the%20other.%20As%20Altman%20states%2C%20one%20form%20of%20the%20test%20statistic%20is%20an%20estimate%20of%20the%20probability%20that%20one%20variable%20is%20less%20than%20the%20other%2C1%20although%20this%20statistic%20is%20not%20output%20by%20many%20statistical%20packages.%20In%20the%20case%20where%20the%20only%20distributional%20difference%20is%20a%20shift%20in%20location%2C%20this%20can%20indeed%20be%20described%20as%20a%20difference%20in%20medians.%20Hence%2C%20for%20example%2C%20the%20online%20help%20facility%20in%20Minitab%2010.51%20states%20that%20the%20Mann-Whitney%20test%20is%20%5Cu201ca%20two-sample%20rank%20test%20for%20the%20difference%20between%20two%20population%20medians%20%5Cu2026%20It%20assumes%20that%20the%20data%20are%20independent%20random%20samples%20from%20two%20populations%20that%20have%20the%20same%20shape.%5Cu201d%20Figure%201%20shows%20two%20distributions%20for%20which%20this%20is%20the%20case.%20One%20distribution%20is%20shifted%200.75%20units%20%5Cu2026%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%5C%2F08%5C%2F18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.323.7309.391%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%2C%201468-5833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F323%5C%2F7309%5C%2F391%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-26T06%3A24%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PQ4TJNWN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goldstein%20and%20Spiegelhalter%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGoldstein%20H%2C%20Spiegelhalter%20DJ.%20League%20Tables%20and%20Their%20Limitations%3A%20Statistical%20Issues%20in%20Comparisons%20of%20Institutional%20Performance.%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Statistical%20Society%20Series%20A%20%28Statistics%20in%20Society%29%20%5BInternet%5D.%201996%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jan%208%5D%3B159%283%29%3A385.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2983325%3Forigin%3Dcrossref%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2983325%3Forigin%3Dcrossref%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22League%20Tables%20and%20Their%20Limitations%3A%20Statistical%20Issues%20in%20Comparisons%20of%20Institutional%20Performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harvey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spiegelhalter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20light%20of%20an%20increasing%20interest%20in%20the%20accountability%20of%20public%20institutions%2C%20this%20paper%20sets%20out%20the%20statistical%20issues%20involved%20in%20making%20quantitative%20comparisons%20between%20institutions%20in%20the%20areas%20of%20health%20and%20education.%20We%20deal%20in%20detail%20with%20the%20need%20to%20take%20account%20of%20model-based%20uncertainty%20in%20making%20comparisons.%20We%20discuss%20the%20need%20to%20establish%20appropriate%20measures%20of%20institutional%20%27outcomes%27%20and%20base-line%20measures%20and%20the%20need%20to%20exercise%20care%20and%20sensitivity%20when%20interpreting%20apparent%20differences.%20The%20paper%20emphasizes%20that%20statistical%20methods%20exist%20which%20can%20contribute%20to%20an%20understanding%20of%20the%20extent%20and%20possible%20reasons%20for%20differences%20between%20institutions.%20It%20also%20urges%20caution%20by%20discussing%20the%20limitations%20of%20such%20methods.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F2983325%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2209641998%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F2983325%3Forigin%3Dcrossref%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-08T09%3A42%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225K7ZPDKJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Soffer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESoffer%20A.%20Can%20You%20Believe%20What%20You%20Read%20in%20Medical%20Journals%3F%20Chest%20%5BInternet%5D.%201992%20%5Bcited%202023%20Feb%201%5D%3B101%285%29%3A1417%26%23×2013%3B9.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0012369216341538%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0012369216341538%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Can%20You%20Believe%20What%20You%20Read%20in%20Medical%20Journals%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alfred%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soffer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205%5C%2F1992%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1378%5C%2Fchest.101.5.1417%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200123692%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0012369216341538%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%2C%22SQRMJF2U%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T14%3A49%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q4TKLR6N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22van%20Smeden%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3Evan%20Smeden%20M.%20A%20Very%20Short%20List%20of%20Common%20Pitfalls%20in%20Research%20Design%2C%20Data%20Analysis%2C%20and%20Reporting.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Very%20Short%20List%20of%20Common%20Pitfalls%20in%20Research%20Design%2C%20Data%20Analysis%2C%20and%20Reporting%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Smeden%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-29T05%3A32%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QCZ9BAYX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Senn%2C%20Stephen%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESenn%2C%20Stephen.%20Regression%20to%20the%20mean.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Regression%20to%20the%20mean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Senn%2C%20Stephen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T15%3A09%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Haslberger M, Gestrich S, Strech D. Reporting of retrospective registration in clinical trial publications: a cross-sectional study of German trials. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Sep 11];13(4):e069553. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/4/e069553
1.
Cashin AG, Richards GC, DeVito NJ, Mellor DT, Lee H. Registration of health and medical research. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine [Internet]. 2021 Dec 21 [cited 2022 Jan 20]; Available from: https://ebm.bmj.com/content/early/2021/12/21/bmjebm-2021-111836
1.
Zhang Y, Hedo R, Rivera A, Rull R, Richardson S, Tu XM. Post hoc power analysis: is it an informative and meaningful analysis? Gen Psychiatr [Internet]. 2019 Aug 8 [cited 2023 Jun 27];32(4):e100069. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6738696/
1.
Bellomo R. The dangers of dogma in medicine. Medical Journal of Australia [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Feb 1];195(7):372–3. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/mja11.10866
1.
Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Mar 15;165(6):710–8.
1.
Ruxton GD. The unequal variance t-test is an underused alternative to Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Behavioral Ecology [Internet]. 2006 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Aug 30];17(4):688–90. Available from: http://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/17/4/688/215960/The-unequal-variance-ttest-is-an-underused
1.
Hart A. Mann-Whitney test is not just a test of medians: differences in spread can be important. BMJ [Internet]. 2001 Aug 18 [cited 2024 Jun 26];323(7309):391–3. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/323/7309/391
1.
Goldstein H, Spiegelhalter DJ. League Tables and Their Limitations: Statistical Issues in Comparisons of Institutional Performance. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2023 Jan 8];159(3):385. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2983325?origin=crossref
1.
Soffer A. Can You Believe What You Read in Medical Journals? Chest [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2023 Feb 1];101(5):1417–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012369216341538
1.
van Smeden M. A Very Short List of Common Pitfalls in Research Design, Data Analysis, and Reporting.
1.
Senn, Stephen. Regression to the mean.
Observational studies
8915996
HKM7RAY4
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%222WDFZTFL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ramspek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERamspek%20CL%2C%20Steyerberg%20EW%2C%20Riley%20RD%2C%20Rosendaal%20FR%2C%20Dekkers%20OM%2C%20Dekker%20FW%2C%20et%20al.%20Prediction%20or%20causality%3F%20A%20scoping%20review%20of%20their%20conflation%20within%20current%20observational%20research.%20Eur%20J%20Epidemiol.%202021%20Sep%3B36%289%29%3A889%26%23×2013%3B98.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prediction%20or%20causality%3F%20A%20scoping%20review%20of%20their%20conflation%20within%20current%20observational%20research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chava%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramspek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frits%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosendaal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olaf%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dekkers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedo%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dekker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Merel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Diepen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Etiological%20research%20aims%20to%20uncover%20causal%20effects%2C%20whilst%20prediction%20research%20aims%20to%20forecast%20an%20outcome%20with%20the%20best%20accuracy.%20Causal%20and%20prediction%20research%20usually%20require%20different%20methods%2C%20and%20yet%20their%20findings%20may%20get%20conflated%20when%20reported%20and%20interpreted.%20The%20aim%20of%20the%20current%20study%20is%20to%20quantify%20the%20frequency%20of%20conflation%20between%20etiological%20and%20prediction%20research%2C%20to%20discuss%20common%20underlying%20mistakes%20and%20provide%20recommendations%20on%20how%20to%20avoid%20these.%20Observational%20cohort%20studies%20published%20in%20January%202018%20in%20the%20top-ranked%20journals%20of%20six%20distinct%20medical%20fields%20%28Cardiology%2C%20Clinical%20Epidemiology%2C%20Clinical%20Neurology%2C%20General%20and%20Internal%20Medicine%2C%20Nephrology%20and%20Surgery%29%20were%20included%20for%20the%20current%20scoping%20review.%20Data%20on%20conflation%20was%20extracted%20through%20signaling%20questions.%20In%20total%2C%20180%20studies%20were%20included.%20Overall%2C%2026%25%20%28n%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu200946%29%20contained%20conflation%20between%20etiology%20and%20prediction.%20The%20frequency%20of%20conflation%20varied%20across%20medical%20field%20and%20journal%20impact%20factor.%20From%20the%20causal%20studies%2022%25%20was%20conflated%2C%20mainly%20due%20to%20the%20selection%20of%20covariates%20based%20on%20their%20ability%20to%20predict%20without%20taking%20the%20causal%20structure%20into%20account.%20Within%20prediction%20studies%2038%25%20was%20conflated%2C%20the%20most%20frequent%20reason%20was%20a%20causal%20interpretation%20of%20covariates%20included%20in%20a%20prediction%20model.%20Conflation%20of%20etiology%20and%20prediction%20is%20a%20common%20methodological%20error%20in%20observational%20medical%20research%20and%20more%20frequent%20in%20prediction%20studies.%20As%20this%20may%20lead%20to%20biased%20estimations%20and%20erroneous%20conclusions%2C%20researchers%20must%20be%20careful%20when%20designing%2C%20interpreting%20and%20disseminating%20their%20research%20to%20ensure%20this%20conflation%20is%20avoided.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10654-021-00794-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-7284%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%2C%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-03T07%3A05%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22A6542E8U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bowden%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBowden%20J.%20Realising%20the%20full%20potential%20of%20MR-PHeWAS%20in%20cancer.%20Br%20J%20Cancer%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Feb%202%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%2026%5D%3B124%283%29%3A529%26%23×2013%3B30.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7851387%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7851387%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Realising%20the%20full%20potential%20of%20MR-PHeWAS%20in%20cancer%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jack%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowden%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22MR-PHeWAS%20is%20a%20powerful%20new%20design%20for%20discovering%20causal%20mechanisms%20between%20a%20disease%20and%20its%20many%20candidate%20risk%20factors%20in%20a%20hypothesis-free%20manner.%20This%20technique%20has%20great%20potential%20in%20the%20field%20of%20cancer%20research%2C%20provided%20that%20both%20powerful%20and%20principled%20statistical%20approaches%20are%20used.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-2-2%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41416-020-01165-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220007-0920%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7851387%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-26T06%3A45%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FP4BH34P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22King%20and%20Nielsen%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKing%20G%2C%20Nielsen%20R.%20Why%20Propensity%20Scores%20Should%20Not%20Be%20Used%20for%20Matching.%20Political%20Analysis%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20Oct%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B27%284%29%3A435%26%23×2013%3B54.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpolitical-analysis%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fabs%5C%2Fwhy-propensity-scores-should-not-be-used-for-matching%5C%2F94DDE7ED8E2A796B693096EB714BE68B%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpolitical-analysis%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fabs%5C%2Fwhy-propensity-scores-should-not-be-used-for-matching%5C%2F94DDE7ED8E2A796B693096EB714BE68B%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Why%20Propensity%20Scores%20Should%20Not%20Be%20Used%20for%20Matching%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22King%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20show%20that%20propensity%20score%20matching%20%28PSM%29%2C%20an%20enormously%20popular%20method%20of%20preprocessing%20data%20for%20causal%20inference%2C%20often%20accomplishes%20the%20opposite%20of%20its%20intended%20goal%5Cu2014thus%20increasing%20imbalance%2C%20inefficiency%2C%20model%20dependence%2C%20and%20bias.%20The%20weakness%20of%20PSM%20comes%20from%20its%20attempts%20to%20approximate%20a%20completely%20randomized%20experiment%2C%20rather%20than%2C%20as%20with%20other%20matching%20methods%2C%20a%20more%20efficient%20fully%20blocked%20randomized%20experiment.%20PSM%20is%20thus%20uniquely%20blind%20to%20the%20often%20large%20portion%20of%20imbalance%20that%20can%20be%20eliminated%20by%20approximating%20full%20blocking%20with%20other%20matching%20methods.%20Moreover%2C%20in%20data%20balanced%20enough%20to%20approximate%20complete%20randomization%2C%20either%20to%20begin%20with%20or%20after%20pruning%20some%20observations%2C%20PSM%20approximates%20random%20matching%20which%2C%20we%20show%2C%20increases%20imbalance%20even%20relative%20to%20the%20original%20data.%20Although%20these%20results%20suggest%20researchers%20replace%20PSM%20with%20one%20of%20the%20other%20available%20matching%20methods%2C%20propensity%20scores%20have%20other%20productive%20uses.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Fpan.2019.11%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221047-1987%2C%201476-4989%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cambridge.org%5C%2Fcore%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fpolitical-analysis%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fabs%5C%2Fwhy-propensity-scores-should-not-be-used-for-matching%5C%2F94DDE7ED8E2A796B693096EB714BE68B%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A01%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YVNY9EKZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Clarke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EClarke%20KA%2C%20Kenkel%20B%2C%20Rueda%20MR.%20Omitted%20Variables%2C%20Countervailing%20Effects%2C%20and%20the%20Possibility%20of%20Overadjustment.%20Political%20Science%20Research%20and%20Methods%20%5BInternet%5D.%202018%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B6%282%29%3A343%26%23×2013%3B54.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fideas.repec.org%5C%2Fa%5C%2Fcup%5C%2Fpscirm%5C%2Fv6y2018i02p343-354_00.html%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fideas.repec.org%5C%2Fa%5C%2Fcup%5C%2Fpscirm%5C%2Fv6y2018i02p343-354_00.html%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Omitted%20Variables%2C%20Countervailing%20Effects%2C%20and%20the%20Possibility%20of%20Overadjustment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brenton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kenkel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miguel%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rueda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20effect%20of%20conditioning%20on%20an%20additional%20covariate%20on%20confounding%20bias%20depends%2C%20in%20part%2C%20on%20covariates%20that%20are%20unobserved.%20We%20characterize%20the%20conditions%20under%20which%20the%20interaction%20between%20a%20covariate%20that%20is%20available%20for%20conditioning%20and%20one%20that%20is%20not%20can%20affect%20bias.%20When%20the%20confounding%20effects%20of%20two%20covariates%2C%20one%20of%20which%20is%20observed%2C%20are%20countervailing%20%28in%20opposite%20directions%29%2C%20conditioning%20on%20the%20observed%20covariate%20can%20increase%20bias.%20We%20demonstrate%20this%20possibility%20analytically%2C%20and%20then%20show%20that%20these%20conditions%20are%20not%20rare%20in%20actual%20data.%20We%20also%20consider%20whether%20balance%20tests%20or%20sensitivity%20analysis%20can%20be%20used%20to%20justify%20the%20inclusion%20of%20an%20additional%20covariate.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20neither%20provide%20protection%20against%20overadjustment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fideas.repec.org%5C%2Fa%5C%2Fcup%5C%2Fpscirm%5C%2Fv6y2018i02p343-354_00.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A03%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2255C4YD7W%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hanley%20and%20Foster%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHanley%20JA%2C%20Foster%20BJ.%20Avoiding%20blunders%20involving%20%26%23x201C%3Bimmortal%20time.%26%23x201D%3B%20Int%20J%20Epidemiol.%202014%20Jun%3B43%283%29%3A949%26%23×2013%3B61.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Avoiding%20blunders%20involving%20%27immortal%20time%27%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bethany%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyu105%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221464-3685%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A08%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22REX8DNJB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Joseph%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EJoseph%20KS%2C%20Mehrabadi%20A%2C%20Lisonkova%20S.%20Confounding%20by%20Indication%20and%20Related%20Concepts.%20Curr%20Epidemiol%20Rep%20%5BInternet%5D.%202014%20Mar%201%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B1%281%29%3A1%26%23×2013%3B8.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs40471-013-0004-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs40471-013-0004-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Confounding%20by%20Indication%20and%20Related%20Concepts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Azar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mehrabadi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lisonkova%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20term%20confounding%20by%20indication%20is%20increasingly%20used%20in%20the%20literature%2C%20although%20the%20concept%20has%20lost%20much%20of%20its%20original%20meaning.%20The%20literature%20includes%20instances%20where%20confounding%20by%20indication%20is%20equated%20with%20confounding%20in%20general%20or%20reverse%20causality%2C%20and%20other%20instances%20where%20it%20is%20used%20to%20refer%20to%20confounding%20by%20contraindication.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20review%20concepts%20related%20to%20confounding%20by%20indication%20in%20studies%20of%20intended%20effects%2C%20confounding%20by%20indication%20and%20contraindication%20in%20studies%20of%20unintended%20effects%2C%20and%20confounding%20by%20extraneous%20aspects%20of%20the%20indication.%20We%20also%20discuss%20non-experimental%20methods%20to%20address%20confounding%20by%20indication%2C%20including%20design%20strategies%20%28e.g.%2C%20restriction%20to%20a%20domain%20free%20of%20the%20indication%29%20and%20statistical%20techniques%20%28e.g.%2C%20propensity%20score%20matching%29.%20We%20argue%20for%20greater%20conceptual%20and%20semantic%20clarity%20with%20regard%20to%20the%20different%20forms%20of%20confounding%20by%20indication%20and%20conclude%20that%20non-experimental%20methods%20do%20not%20adequately%20address%20this%20bias%20in%20studies%20of%20intended%20effects%20when%20the%20indication%20defies%20quantification.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs40471-013-0004-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222196-2995%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs40471-013-0004-y%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A01%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2228QRR75R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Okoli%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EOkoli%20GN%2C%20Sanders%20RD%2C%20Myles%20P.%20Demystifying%20propensity%20scores.%20Br%20J%20Anaesth%20%5BInternet%5D.%202014%20Jan%20%5Bcited%202024%20Sep%2017%5D%3B112%281%29%3A13%26%23×2013%3B5.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3854550%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3854550%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Demystifying%20propensity%20scores%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okoli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Myles%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fbja%5C%2Faet290%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220007-0912%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3854550%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-17T06%3A26%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QUFAUIVP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Westreich%20and%20Greenland%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWestreich%20D%2C%20Greenland%20S.%20The%20table%202%20fallacy%3A%20presenting%20and%20interpreting%20confounder%20and%20modifier%20coefficients.%20Am%20J%20Epidemiol.%202013%20Feb%2015%3B177%284%29%3A292%26%23×2013%3B8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20table%202%20fallacy%3A%20presenting%20and%20interpreting%20confounder%20and%20modifier%20coefficients%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westreich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenland%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20common%20to%20present%20multiple%20adjusted%20effect%20estimates%20from%20a%20single%20model%20in%20a%20single%20table.%20For%20example%2C%20a%20table%20might%20show%20odds%20ratios%20for%20one%20or%20more%20exposures%20and%20also%20for%20several%20confounders%20from%20a%20single%20logistic%20regression.%20This%20can%20lead%20to%20mistaken%20interpretations%20of%20these%20estimates.%20We%20use%20causal%20diagrams%20to%20display%20the%20sources%20of%20the%20problems.%20Presentation%20of%20exposure%20and%20confounder%20effect%20estimates%20from%20a%20single%20model%20may%20lead%20to%20several%20interpretative%20difficulties%2C%20inviting%20confusion%20of%20direct-effect%20estimates%20with%20total-effect%20estimates%20for%20covariates%20in%20the%20model.%20These%20effect%20estimates%20may%20also%20be%20confounded%20even%20though%20the%20effect%20estimate%20for%20the%20main%20exposure%20is%20not%20confounded.%20Interpretation%20of%20these%20effect%20estimates%20is%20further%20complicated%20by%20heterogeneity%20%28variation%2C%20modification%29%20of%20the%20exposure%20effect%20measure%20across%20covariate%20levels.%20We%20offer%20suggestions%20to%20limit%20potential%20misunderstandings%20when%20multiple%20effect%20estimates%20are%20presented%2C%20including%20precise%20distinction%20between%20total%20and%20direct%20effect%20measures%20from%20a%20single%20model%2C%20and%20use%20of%20multiple%20models%20tailored%20to%20yield%20total-effect%20estimates%20for%20covariates.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013-02-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkws412%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221476-6256%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-24T05%3A53%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EZQ3HH3B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shmueli%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-08-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EShmueli%20G.%20To%20Explain%20or%20to%20Predict%3F%20Statist%20Sci%20%5BInternet%5D.%202010%20Aug%201%20%5Bcited%202023%20Sep%2015%5D%3B25%283%29.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistical-science%5C%2Fvolume-25%5C%2Fissue-3%5C%2FTo-Explain-or-to-Predict%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F10-STS330.full%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistical-science%5C%2Fvolume-25%5C%2Fissue-3%5C%2FTo-Explain-or-to-Predict%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F10-STS330.full%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22To%20Explain%20or%20to%20Predict%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Galit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shmueli%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Statistical%20modeling%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20for%20developing%20and%20testing%20theories%20by%20way%20of%20causal%20explanation%2C%20prediction%2C%20and%20description.%20In%20many%20disciplines%20there%20is%20near-exclusive%20use%20of%20statistical%20modeling%20for%20causal%20explanation%20and%20the%20assumption%20that%20models%20with%20high%20explanatory%20power%20are%20inherently%20of%20high%20predictive%20power.%20Con%5Cufb02ation%20between%20explanation%20and%20prediction%20is%20common%2C%20yet%20the%20distinction%20must%20be%20understood%20for%20progressing%20scienti%5Cufb01c%20knowledge.%20While%20this%20distinction%20has%20been%20recognized%20in%20the%20philosophy%20of%20science%2C%20the%20statistical%20literature%20lacks%20a%20thorough%20discussion%20of%20the%20many%20differences%20that%20arise%20in%20the%20process%20of%20modeling%20for%20an%20explanatory%20versus%20a%20predictive%20goal.%20The%20purpose%20of%20this%20article%20is%20to%20clarify%20the%20distinction%20between%20explanatory%20and%20predictive%20modeling%2C%20to%20discuss%20its%20sources%2C%20and%20to%20reveal%20the%20practical%20implications%20of%20the%20distinction%20to%20each%20step%20in%20the%20modeling%20process.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-8-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1214%5C%2F10-STS330%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220883-4237%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistical-science%5C%2Fvolume-25%5C%2Fissue-3%5C%2FTo-Explain-or-to-Predict%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F10-STS330.full%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-15T07%3A24%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q7W8REBC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cole%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECole%20SR%2C%20Platt%20RW%2C%20Schisterman%20EF%2C%20Chu%20H%2C%20Westreich%20D%2C%20Richardson%20D%2C%20et%20al.%20Illustrating%20bias%20due%20to%20conditioning%20on%20a%20collider.%20Int%20J%20Epidemiol.%202010%20Apr%3B39%282%29%3A417%26%23×2013%3B20.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Illustrating%20bias%20due%20to%20conditioning%20on%20a%20collider%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Platt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Enrique%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schisterman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haitao%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westreich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poole%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22That%20conditioning%20on%20a%20common%20effect%20of%20exposure%20and%20outcome%20may%20cause%20selection%2C%20or%20collider-stratification%2C%20bias%20is%20not%20intuitive.%20We%20provide%20two%20hypothetical%20examples%20to%20convey%20concepts%20underlying%20bias%20due%20to%20conditioning%20on%20a%20collider.%20In%20the%20first%20example%2C%20fever%20is%20a%20common%20effect%20of%20influenza%20and%20consumption%20of%20a%20tainted%20egg-salad%20sandwich.%20In%20the%20second%20example%2C%20case-status%20is%20a%20common%20effect%20of%20a%20genotype%20and%20an%20environmental%20factor.%20In%20both%20examples%2C%20conditioning%20on%20the%20common%20effect%20imparts%20an%20association%20between%20two%20otherwise%20independent%20variables%3B%20we%20call%20this%20selection%20bias.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyp334%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221464-3685%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A03%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CQY6RNXG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schisterman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESchisterman%20EF%2C%20Cole%20SR%2C%20Platt%20RW.%20Overadjustment%20Bias%20and%20Unnecessary%20Adjustment%20in%20Epidemiologic%20Studies.%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202009%20Jul%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%2026%5D%3B20%284%29%3A488%26%23×2013%3B95.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2744485%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2744485%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Overadjustment%20Bias%20and%20Unnecessary%20Adjustment%20in%20Epidemiologic%20Studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Enrique%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schisterman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Platt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Overadjustment%20is%20defined%20inconsistently.%20This%20term%20is%20meant%20to%20describe%20control%20%28eg%2C%20by%20regression%20adjustment%2C%20stratification%2C%20or%20restriction%29%20for%20a%20variable%20that%20either%20increases%20net%20bias%20or%20decreases%20precision%20without%20affecting%20bias.%20We%20define%20overadjustment%20bias%20as%20control%20for%20an%20intermediate%20variable%20%28or%20a%20descending%20proxy%20for%20an%20intermediate%20variable%29%20on%20a%20causal%20path%20from%20exposure%20to%20outcome.%20We%20define%20unnecessary%20adjustment%20as%20control%20for%20a%20variable%20that%20does%20not%20affect%20bias%20of%20the%20causal%20relation%20between%20exposure%20and%20outcome%20but%20may%20affect%20its%20precision.%20We%20use%20causal%20diagrams%20and%20an%20empirical%20example%20%28the%20effect%20of%20maternal%20smoking%20on%20neonatal%20mortality%29%20to%20illustrate%20and%20clarify%20the%20definition%20of%20overadjustment%20bias%2C%20and%20to%20distinguish%20overadjustment%20bias%20from%20unnecessary%20adjustment.%20Using%20simulations%2C%20we%20quantify%20the%20amount%20of%20bias%20associated%20with%20overadjustment.%20Moreover%2C%20we%20show%20that%20this%20bias%20is%20based%20on%20a%20different%20causal%20structure%20from%20confounding%20or%20selection%20biases.%20Overadjustment%20bias%20is%20not%20a%20finite%20sample%20bias%2C%20while%20inefficiencies%20due%20to%20control%20for%20unnecessary%20variables%20are%20a%20function%20of%20sample%20size.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-7%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1097%5C%2FEDE.0b013e3181a819a1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221044-3983%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC2744485%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-26T07%3A27%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226BW4PD8Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6lander%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-04-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESj%26%23xF6%3Blander%20A.%20Propensity%20scores%20and%20M-structures.%20Stat%20Med.%202009%20Apr%2030%3B28%289%29%3A1416%26%23×2013%3B20%3B%20author%20reply%201420-1423.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Propensity%20scores%20and%20M-structures%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arvid%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6lander%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20a%20recent%20issue%20of%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%2C%20Ian%20Shrier%20%5BStatist.%20Med.%202008%3B%2027%2814%29%3A2740-2741%5D%20posed%20a%20question%20regarding%20the%20use%20of%20propensity%20scores%20%5BBiometrika%201983%3B%2070%281%29%3A41-55%5D.%20He%20considered%20an%20%27M-structure%27%20illustrated%20by%20the%20directed%20acyclic%20graph%20%28DAG%29%20in%20Figure%201.%20In%20Figure%201%2C%20z%20is%20a%20binary%20exposure%2C%20r%20is%20a%20response%20of%20interest%2C%20x%20is%20a%20measured%20covariate%2C%20and%20u%281%29%20and%20u%282%29%20are%20two%20unmeasured%20covariates.%20Shrier%20stated%20that%20for%20the%20M-structure%2C%20%27…%20it%20remains%20unclear%20if%20the%20propensity%20method%20described%20by%20Rubin%20would%20introduce%20selection%20bias%20or%20not%27.%20In%20the%20same%20issue%2C%20Donald%20Rubin%20%5BStatist.%20Med.%202002%3B%2027%2814%29%3A2741-2742%5D%20replied%20by%20clarifying%20several%20key%20points%20in%20the%20use%20of%20propensity%20scores.%20He%20did%20not%2C%20however%2C%20discuss%20the%20original%20question%20posed%20by%20Shrier.%20Given%20the%20popularity%20of%20both%20propensity%20score%20methods%20and%20graphical%20models%2C%20I%20think%20any%20confusion%20regarding%20the%20appropriateness%20of%20these%20methods%20deserves%20serious%20attention%20and%20I%20would%20therefore%20like%20to%20answer%20Shrier%27s%20question%20here.%20The%20short%20answer%20is%20that%20for%20the%20M-structure%2C%20propensity%20score%20methods%20do%20indeed%20induce%20a%20bias.%20Below%2C%20I%20will%20clarify%20this%20statement.%20I%20will%20first%20briefly%20review%20the%20basic%20idea%20of%20propensity%20scores%20and%20then%20explain%20why%20the%20idea%20does%20not%20apply%20to%20the%20M-structure.%20I%20will%20use%20a%20notation%20which%20is%20consistent%20with%20Rosenbaum%20and%20Rubin%20%5BBiometrika%201983%3B%2070%281%29%3A41-55%5D.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-04-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.3532%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220277-6715%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-17T07%3A10%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PDCMQF3Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shrier%20and%20Platt%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-10-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EShrier%20I%2C%20Platt%20RW.%20Reducing%20bias%20through%20directed%20acyclic%20graphs.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202008%20Oct%2030%20%5Bcited%202022%20Mar%208%5D%3B8%281%29%3A70.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-70%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-70%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reducing%20bias%20through%20directed%20acyclic%20graphs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shrier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Platt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20objective%20of%20most%20biomedical%20research%20is%20to%20determine%20an%20unbiased%20estimate%20of%20effect%20for%20an%20exposure%20on%20an%20outcome%2C%20i.e.%20to%20make%20causal%20inferences%20about%20the%20exposure.%20Recent%20developments%20in%20epidemiology%20have%20shown%20that%20traditional%20methods%20of%20identifying%20confounding%20and%20adjusting%20for%20confounding%20may%20be%20inadequate.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%2030%2C%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-70%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-8-70%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-08T07%3A37%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2268UVS66P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Greenland%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGreenland%20S.%20Invited%20Commentary%3A%20Variable%20Selection%20versus%20Shrinkage%20in%20the%20Control%20of%20Multiple%20Confounders.%20American%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202008%20Mar%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%2025%5D%3B167%285%29%3A523%26%23×2013%3B9.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwm355%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwm355%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Invited%20Commentary%3A%20Variable%20Selection%20versus%20Shrinkage%20in%20the%20Control%20of%20Multiple%20Confounders%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenland%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22After%20screening%20out%20inappropriate%20or%20doubtful%20covariates%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20background%20knowledge%2C%20one%20may%20still%20be%20left%20with%20many%20potential%20confounders.%20It%20is%20then%20tempting%20to%20use%20statistical%20variable-selection%20methods%20to%20reduce%20the%20number%20used%20for%20adjustment.%20Nonetheless%2C%20there%20is%20no%20agreement%20on%20how%20selection%20should%20be%20conducted%2C%20and%20it%20is%20well%20known%20that%20conventional%20selection%20methods%20lead%20to%20confidence%20intervals%20that%20are%20too%20narrow%20and%20p%20values%20that%20are%20too%20small.%20Furthermore%2C%20theory%20and%20simulation%20evidence%20have%20found%20no%20selection%20method%20to%20be%20uniformly%20superior%20to%20adjusting%20for%20all%20well-measured%20confounders.%20Nonetheless%2C%20control%20of%20all%20measured%20confounders%20can%20lead%20to%20problems%20for%20conventional%20model-fitting%20methods.%20When%20these%20problems%20occur%2C%20one%20can%20apply%20modern%20techniques%20such%20as%20shrinkage%20estimation%2C%20exposure%20modeling%2C%20or%20hybrids%20that%20combine%20outcome%20and%20exposure%20modeling.%20No%20selection%20or%20special%20software%20is%20needed%20for%20most%20of%20these%20techniques.%20It%20thus%20appears%20that%20statistical%20confounder%20selection%20may%20be%20an%20unnecessary%20complication%20in%20most%20regression%20analyses%20of%20effects.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-03-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwm355%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9262%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Faje%5C%2Fkwm355%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-25T10%3A37%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GI84F54K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Weiss%20and%20Rossing%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWeiss%20NS%2C%20Rossing%20MA.%20Healthy%20Screenee%20Bias%20in%20Epidemiologic%20Studies%20of%20Cancer%20Incidence.%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%201996%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jul%2031%5D%3B7%283%29%3A319%26%23×2013%3B22.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F3702872%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F3702872%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Healthy%20Screenee%20Bias%20in%20Epidemiologic%20Studies%20of%20Cancer%20Incidence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Noel%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20Anne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rossing%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221044-3983%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F3702872%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-31T06%3A11%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22878HPDLH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Greenland%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221986-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGreenland%20S%2C%20Schlesselman%20JJ%2C%20Criqui%20MH.%20The%20fallacy%20of%20employing%20standardized%20regression%20coefficients%20and%20correlations%20as%20measures%20of%20effect.%20Am%20J%20Epidemiol.%201986%20Feb%3B123%282%29%3A203%26%23×2013%3B8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20fallacy%20of%20employing%20standardized%20regression%20coefficients%20and%20correlations%20as%20measures%20of%20effect%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlesselman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Criqui%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221986-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a114229%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220002-9262%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-08T20%3A12%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RTWHVA43%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EStatistical%20issues%20in%20assessing%20hospital%20performance.%20%3A70.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20issues%20in%20assessing%20hospital%20performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%2C%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T09%3A04%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WCQ38QXN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EIgnoring%20the%20matching%20variables%20in%20cohort%20studies%20%26%23×2013%3B%20when%20is%20it%20valid%20and%20why%3F%20-%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Blander%20-%202013%20-%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%20-%20Wiley%20Online%20Library%20%5BInternet%5D.%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.5879%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.5879%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ignoring%20the%20matching%20variables%20in%20cohort%20studies%20%5Cu2013%20when%20is%20it%20valid%20and%20why%3F%20-%20Sj%5Cu00f6lander%20-%202013%20-%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%20-%20Wiley%20Online%20Library%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.5879%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A02%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Ramspek CL, Steyerberg EW, Riley RD, Rosendaal FR, Dekkers OM, Dekker FW, et al. Prediction or causality? A scoping review of their conflation within current observational research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Sep;36(9):889–98.
1.
Bowden J. Realising the full potential of MR-PHeWAS in cancer. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2021 Feb 2 [cited 2022 May 26];124(3):529–30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851387/
1.
King G, Nielsen R. Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching. Political Analysis [Internet]. 2019 Oct [cited 2021 Dec 31];27(4):435–54. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-analysis/article/abs/why-propensity-scores-should-not-be-used-for-matching/94DDE7ED8E2A796B693096EB714BE68B
1.
Clarke KA, Kenkel B, Rueda MR. Omitted Variables, Countervailing Effects, and the Possibility of Overadjustment. Political Science Research and Methods [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Dec 31];6(2):343–54. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/pscirm/v6y2018i02p343-354_00.html
1.
Hanley JA, Foster BJ. Avoiding blunders involving “immortal time.” Int J Epidemiol. 2014 Jun;43(3):949–61.
1.
Joseph KS, Mehrabadi A, Lisonkova S. Confounding by Indication and Related Concepts. Curr Epidemiol Rep [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Dec 31];1(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-013-0004-y
1.
Okoli GN, Sanders RD, Myles P. Demystifying propensity scores. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2024 Sep 17];112(1):13–5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3854550/
1.
Westreich D, Greenland S. The table 2 fallacy: presenting and interpreting confounder and modifier coefficients. Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Feb 15;177(4):292–8.
1.
Shmueli G. To Explain or to Predict? Statist Sci [Internet]. 2010 Aug 1 [cited 2023 Sep 15];25(3). Available from: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistical-science/volume-25/issue-3/To-Explain-or-to-Predict/10.1214/10-STS330.full
1.
Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, Chu H, Westreich D, Richardson D, et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int J Epidemiol. 2010 Apr;39(2):417–20.
1.
Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment Bias and Unnecessary Adjustment in Epidemiologic Studies. Epidemiology [Internet]. 2009 Jul [cited 2022 May 26];20(4):488–95. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744485/
1.
Sjölander A. Propensity scores and M-structures. Stat Med. 2009 Apr 30;28(9):1416–20; author reply 1420-1423.
1.
Shrier I, Platt RW. Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30 [cited 2022 Mar 8];8(1):70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-70
1.
Greenland S. Invited Commentary: Variable Selection versus Shrinkage in the Control of Multiple Confounders. American Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2008 Mar 1 [cited 2022 May 25];167(5):523–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm355
1.
Weiss NS, Rossing MA. Healthy Screenee Bias in Epidemiologic Studies of Cancer Incidence. Epidemiology [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2024 Jul 31];7(3):319–22. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3702872
1.
Greenland S, Schlesselman JJ, Criqui MH. The fallacy of employing standardized regression coefficients and correlations as measures of effect. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Feb;123(2):203–8.
1.
Statistical issues in assessing hospital performance. :70.
1.
Ignoring the matching variables in cohort studies – when is it valid and why? – Sjölander – 2013 – Statistics in Medicine – Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 31]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sim.5879
Prediction/AI
8915996
IAANB7M4
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%225PDM9KSE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-08-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWatson%20V%2C%20Smith%20CT%2C%20Bonnett%20LJ.%20Systematic%20review%20of%20methods%20used%20in%20prediction%20models%20with%20recurrent%20event%20data.%20Diagn%20Progn%20Res%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Aug%206%20%5Bcited%202024%20Aug%208%5D%3B8%3A13.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC11302841%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC11302841%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Systematic%20review%20of%20methods%20used%20in%20prediction%20models%20with%20recurrent%20event%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victoria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catrin%20Tudur%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonnett%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnPatients%20who%20suffer%20from%20chronic%20conditions%20or%20diseases%20are%20susceptible%20to%20experiencing%20repeated%20events%20of%20the%20same%20type%20%28e.g.%20seizures%29%2C%20termed%20%5Cu2018recurrent%20events%5Cu2019.%20Prediction%20models%20can%20be%20used%20to%20predict%20the%20risk%20of%20recurrence%20so%20that%20intervention%20or%20management%20can%20be%20tailored%20accordingly%2C%20but%20statistical%20methodology%20can%20vary.%20The%20objective%20of%20this%20systematic%20review%20was%20to%20identify%20and%20describe%20statistical%20approaches%20that%20have%20been%20applied%20for%20the%20development%20and%20validation%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%20with%20recurrent%20event%20data.%20A%20secondary%20objective%20was%20to%20informally%20assess%20the%20characteristics%20and%20quality%20of%20analysis%20approaches%20used%20in%20the%20development%20and%20validation%20of%20prediction%20models%20of%20recurrent%20event%20data.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnSearches%20were%20run%20in%20MEDLINE%20using%20a%20search%20strategy%20in%202019%20which%20included%20index%20terms%20and%20phrases%20related%20to%20recurrent%20events%20and%20prediction%20models.%20For%20studies%20to%20be%20included%20in%20the%20review%20they%20must%20have%20developed%20or%20validated%20a%20multivariable%20clinical%20prediction%20model%20for%20recurrent%20event%20outcome%20data%2C%20specifically%20modelling%20the%20recurrent%20events%20and%20the%20timing%20between%20them.%2C%20The%20statistical%20analysis%20methods%20used%20to%20analyse%20the%20recurrent%20event%20data%20in%20the%20clinical%20prediction%20model%20were%20extracted%20to%20answer%20the%20primary%20aim%20of%20the%20systematic%20review.%20In%20addition%2C%20items%20such%20as%20the%20event%20rate%20as%20well%20as%20any%20discrimination%20and%20calibration%20statistics%20that%20were%20used%20to%20assess%20the%20model%20performance%20were%20extracted%20for%20the%20secondary%20aim%20of%20the%20review.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnA%20total%20of%20855%20publications%20were%20identified%20using%20the%20developed%20search%20strategy%20and%20301%20of%20these%20are%20included%20in%20our%20systematic%20review.%20The%20Andersen-Gill%20method%20was%20identified%20as%20the%20most%20commonly%20applied%20method%20in%20the%20analysis%20of%20recurrent%20events%2C%20which%20was%20used%20in%20152%20%2850.5%25%29%20studies.%20This%20was%20closely%20followed%20by%20frailty%20models%20which%20were%20used%20in%20116%20%2838.5%25%29%20included%20studies.%20Of%20the%20301%20included%20studies%2C%20only%2075%20%2824.9%25%29%20internally%20validated%20their%20model%28s%29%20and%20three%20%281.0%25%29%20validated%20their%20model%28s%29%20in%20an%20external%20dataset.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnThis%20review%20identified%20a%20variety%20of%20methods%20which%20are%20used%20in%20practice%20when%20developing%20or%20validating%20prediction%20models%20for%20recurrent%20events.%20The%20variability%20of%20the%20approaches%20identified%20is%20cause%20for%20concern%20as%20it%20indicates%20possible%20immaturity%20in%20the%20field%20and%20highlights%20the%20need%20for%20more%20methodological%20research%20to%20bring%20greater%20consistency%20in%20approach%20of%20recurrent%20event%20analysis.%20Further%20work%20is%20required%20to%20ensure%20publications%20report%20all%20required%20information%20and%20use%20robust%20statistical%20methods%20for%20model%20development%20and%20validation.%5Cn%5CnPROSPERO%20registration%5CnCRD42019116031.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-8-6%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs41512-024-00173-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222397-7523%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC11302841%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-08T11%3A28%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K8LEMBIN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hond%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHond%20A%20de%2C%20Leeuwenberg%20T%2C%20Bartels%20R%2C%20Buchem%20M%20van%2C%20Kant%20I%2C%20Moons%20KG%2C%20et%20al.%20From%20text%20to%20treatment%3A%20the%20crucial%20role%20of%20validation%20for%20generative%20large%20language%20models%20in%20health%20care.%20The%20Lancet%20Digital%20Health%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Jul%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jun%2023%5D%3B6%287%29%3Ae441%26%23×2013%3B3.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thelancet.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Flandig%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FPIIS2589-7500%2824%2900111-0%5C%2Ffulltext%3Fdgcid%3Draven_jbs_etoc_email%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thelancet.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Flandig%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FPIIS2589-7500%2824%2900111-0%5C%2Ffulltext%3Fdgcid%3Draven_jbs_etoc_email%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22From%20text%20to%20treatment%3A%20the%20crucial%20role%20of%20validation%20for%20generative%20large%20language%20models%20in%20health%20care%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne%20de%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tuur%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leeuwenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bartels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marieke%20van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buchem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20GM%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%20van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smeden%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900111-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222589-7500%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thelancet.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Flandig%5C%2Farticle%5C%2FPIIS2589-7500%2824%2900111-0%5C%2Ffulltext%3Fdgcid%3Draven_jbs_etoc_email%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-23T05%3A00%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Y3W75LYD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhou%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EZhou%20DJ%2C%20Chahal%20R%2C%20Gotlib%20IH%2C%20Liu%20S.%20Comparison%20of%20Lasso%20and%20Stepwise%20Regression%20in%20Psychological%20Data.%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Jun%2028%20%5Bcited%202024%20Nov%201%5D%3B20%282%29%3A121%26%23×2013%3B43.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmeth.psychopen.eu%5C%2Findex.php%5C%2Fmeth%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fview%5C%2F11523%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmeth.psychopen.eu%5C%2Findex.php%5C%2Fmeth%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fview%5C%2F11523%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparison%20of%20Lasso%20and%20Stepwise%20Regression%20in%20Psychological%20Data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Di%20Jody%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rajpreet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chahal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gotlib%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siwei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Identifying%20significant%20predictors%20of%20behavioral%20outcomes%20is%20of%20great%20interest%20in%20many%20psychological%20studies.%20Lasso%20regression%2C%20as%20an%20alternative%20to%20stepwise%20regression%20for%20variable%20selection%2C%20has%20started%20gaining%20traction%20among%20psychologists.%20Yet%2C%20further%20investigation%20is%20valuable%20to%20fully%20understand%20its%20performance%20across%20various%20psychological%20data%20conditions.%20Using%20a%20Monte%20Carlo%20simulation%20and%20an%20empirical%20demonstration%2C%20we%20compared%20Lasso%20regression%20to%20stepwise%20regression%20in%20typical%20psychological%20datasets%20varying%20in%20sample%20size%2C%20predictor%20size%2C%20sparsity%2C%20and%20signal-to-noise%20ratio.%20We%20found%20that%3A%20%281%29%20Lasso%20regression%20was%20more%20accurate%20in%20within-sample%20selection%20and%20yielded%20more%20consistent%20out-of-sample%20prediction%20accuracy%20than%20stepwise%20regression%3B%20%282%29%20Lasso%20with%20a%20harsher%20shrinkage%20parameter%20was%20more%20accurate%2C%20parsimonious%2C%20and%20robust%20to%20sampling%20variability%20than%20the%20prediction-optimizing%20Lasso.%20Finally%2C%20we%20concluded%20with%20cautious%20notes%20and%20recommendations%20in%20practice%20on%20the%20application%20of%20Lasso%20regression.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5964%5C%2Fmeth.11523%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221614-2241%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmeth.psychopen.eu%5C%2Findex.php%5C%2Fmeth%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fview%5C%2F11523%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-11-01T07%3A31%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QUYX74WE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hicks%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHicks%20MT%2C%20Humphries%20J%2C%20Slater%20J.%20ChatGPT%20is%20bullshit.%20Ethics%20Inf%20Technol%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Jun%208%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jun%2021%5D%3B26%282%29%3A38.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10676-024-09775-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10676-024-09775-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ChatGPT%20is%20bullshit%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20Townsen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hicks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humphries%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slater%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Recently%2C%20there%20has%20been%20considerable%20interest%20in%20large%20language%20models%3A%20machine%20learning%20systems%20which%20produce%20human-like%20text%20and%20dialogue.%20Applications%20of%20these%20systems%20have%20been%20plagued%20by%20persistent%20inaccuracies%20in%20their%20output%3B%20these%20are%20often%20called%20%5Cu201cAI%20hallucinations%5Cu201d.%20We%20argue%20that%20these%20falsehoods%2C%20and%20the%20overall%20activity%20of%20large%20language%20models%2C%20is%20better%20understood%20as%20bullshit%20in%20the%20sense%20explored%20by%20Frankfurt%20%28On%20Bullshit%2C%20Princeton%2C%202005%29%3A%20the%20models%20are%20in%20an%20important%20way%20indifferent%20to%20the%20truth%20of%20their%20outputs.%20We%20distinguish%20two%20ways%20in%20which%20the%20models%20can%20be%20said%20to%20be%20bullshitters%2C%20and%20argue%20that%20they%20clearly%20meet%20at%20least%20one%20of%20these%20definitions.%20We%20further%20argue%20that%20describing%20AI%20misrepresentations%20as%20bullshit%20is%20both%20a%20more%20useful%20and%20more%20accurate%20way%20of%20predicting%20and%20discussing%20the%20behaviour%20of%20these%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10676-024-09775-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221572-8439%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10676-024-09775-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-21T07%3A03%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CLTIDIVK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Collins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-04-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECollins%20GS%2C%20Moons%20KGM%2C%20Dhiman%20P%2C%20Riley%20RD%2C%20Beam%20AL%2C%20Van%20Calster%20B%2C%20et%20al.%20TRIPOD%2BAI%20statement%3A%20updated%20guidance%20for%20reporting%20clinical%20prediction%20models%20that%20use%20regression%20or%20machine%20learning%20methods.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Apr%2016%20%5Bcited%202024%20May%2031%5D%3Be078378.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2023-078378%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2023-078378%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22TRIPOD%2BAI%20statement%3A%20updated%20guidance%20for%20reporting%20clinical%20prediction%20models%20that%20use%20regression%20or%20machine%20learning%20methods%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20G%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paula%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dhiman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20L%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Calster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marzyeh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghassemi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaoxuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johannes%20B%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitsma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Smeden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Laure%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boulesteix%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Camaradou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leo%20Anthony%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Celi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Spiros%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denaxas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alastair%20K%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denniston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glocker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Golub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hugh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heinze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andr%5Cu00e9%20Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kengne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Naomi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maier-Hein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bilal%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mateen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCradden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oakden-Rayner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ordish%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sherri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rose%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karandeep%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Singh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laure%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wynants%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Logullo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-04-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2023-078378%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221756-1833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2023-078378%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-05-31T05%3A45%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HHH2TCSX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Riley%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-12-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERiley%20RD%2C%20Pate%20A%2C%20Dhiman%20P%2C%20Archer%20L%2C%20Martin%20GP%2C%20Collins%20GS.%20Clinical%20prediction%20models%20and%20the%20multiverse%20of%20madness.%20BMC%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Dec%2018%20%5Bcited%202023%20Dec%2020%5D%3B21%281%29%3A502.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-023-03212-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-023-03212-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Clinical%20prediction%20models%20and%20the%20multiverse%20of%20madness%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paula%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dhiman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lucinda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Archer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Glen%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5Cu2002%20Each%20year%2C%20thousands%20of%20clinical%20prediction%20models%20are%20developed%20to%20make%20predictions%20%28e.g.%20estimated%20risk%29%20to%20inform%20individual%20diagnosis%20and%20prognosis%20in%20healthcare.%20However%2C%20most%20are%20not%20reliable%20for%20use%20in%20clinical%20practice.%20Main%20body%5Cu2002%20We%20discuss%20how%20the%20creation%20of%20a%20prediction%20model%20%28e.g.%20using%20regression%20or%20machine%20learning%20methods%29%20is%20dependent%20on%20the%20sample%20and%20size%20of%20data%20used%20to%20develop%20it%5Cu2014were%20a%20different%20sample%20of%20the%20same%20size%20used%20from%20the%20same%20overarching%20population%2C%20the%20developed%20model%20could%20be%20very%20different%20even%20when%20the%20same%20model%20development%20methods%20are%20used.%20In%20other%20words%2C%20for%20each%20model%20created%2C%20there%20exists%20a%20multiverse%20of%20other%20potential%20models%20for%20that%20sample%20size%20and%2C%20crucially%2C%20an%20individual%5Cu2019s%20predicted%20value%20%28e.g.%20estimated%20risk%29%20may%20vary%20greatly%20across%20this%20multiverse.%20The%20more%20an%20individual%5Cu2019s%20prediction%20varies%20across%20the%20multiverse%2C%20the%20greater%20the%20instability.%20We%20show%20how%20small%20development%20datasets%20lead%20to%20more%20different%20models%20in%20the%20multiverse%2C%20often%20with%20vastly%20unstable%20individual%20predictions%2C%20and%20explain%20how%20this%20can%20be%20exposed%20by%20using%20bootstrapping%20and%20presenting%20instability%20plots.%20We%20recommend%20healthcare%20researchers%20seek%20to%20use%20large%20model%20development%20datasets%20to%20reduce%20instability%20concerns.%20This%20is%20especially%20important%20to%20ensure%20reliability%20across%20subgroups%20and%20improve%20model%20fairness%20in%20practice.%20Conclusions%5Cu2002%20Instability%20is%20concerning%20as%20an%20individual%5Cu2019s%20predicted%20value%20is%20used%20to%20guide%20their%20counselling%2C%20resource%20prioritisation%2C%20and%20clinical%20decision%20making.%20If%20different%20samples%20lead%20to%20different%20models%20with%20very%20different%20predictions%20for%20the%20same%20individual%2C%20then%20this%20should%20cast%20doubt%20into%20using%20a%20particular%20model%20for%20that%20individual.%20Therefore%2C%20visualising%2C%20quantifying%20and%20reporting%20the%20instability%20in%20individual-level%20predictions%20is%20essential%20when%20proposing%20a%20new%20model.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-12-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12916-023-03212-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221741-7015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-023-03212-y%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-20T12%3A28%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JJ7JW22K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mandel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMandel%20F%2C%20Ghosh%20RP%2C%20Barnett%20I.%20Neural%20Networks%20for%20Clustered%20and%20Longitudinal%20Data%20Using%20Mixed%20Effects%20Models.%20Biometrics%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Jun%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jun%2023%5D%3B79%282%29%3A711%26%23×2013%3B21.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fbiom.13615%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fbiom.13615%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Neural%20Networks%20for%20Clustered%20and%20Longitudinal%20Data%20Using%20Mixed%20Effects%20Models%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mandel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riddhi%20Pratim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghosh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barnett%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20most%20statistical%20methods%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20longitudinal%20data%20have%20focused%20on%20retrospective%20models%20of%20association%2C%20new%20advances%20in%20mobile%20health%20data%20have%20presented%20opportunities%20for%20predicting%20future%20health%20status%20by%20leveraging%20an%20individual%27s%20behavioral%20history%20alongside%20data%20from%20similar%20patients.%20Methods%20that%20incorporate%20both%20individual-level%20and%20sample-level%20effects%20are%20critical%20to%20using%20these%20data%20to%20its%20full%20predictive%20capacity.%20Neural%20networks%20are%20powerful%20tools%20for%20prediction%2C%20but%20many%20assume%20input%20observations%20are%20independent%20even%20when%20they%20are%20clustered%20or%20correlated%20in%20some%20way%2C%20such%20as%20in%20longitudinal%20data.%20Generalized%20linear%20mixed%20models%20%28GLMM%29%20provide%20a%20flexible%20framework%20for%20modeling%20longitudinal%20data%20but%20have%20poor%20predictive%20power%20particularly%20when%20the%20data%20are%20highly%20nonlinear.%20We%20propose%20a%20generalized%20neural%20network%20mixed%20model%20that%20replaces%20the%20linear%20fixed%20effect%20in%20a%20GLMM%20with%20the%20output%20of%20a%20feed-forward%20neural%20network.%20The%20model%20simultaneously%20accounts%20for%20the%20correlation%20structure%20and%20complex%20nonlinear%20relationship%20between%20input%20variables%20and%20outcomes%2C%20and%20it%20utilizes%20the%20predictive%20power%20of%20neural%20networks.%20We%20apply%20this%20approach%20to%20predict%20depression%20and%20anxiety%20levels%20of%20schizophrenic%20patients%20using%20longitudinal%20data%20collected%20from%20passive%20smartphone%20sensor%20data.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-06-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fbiom.13615%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220006-341X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fbiom.13615%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-23T05%3A06%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TSHRGCWQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Calster%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EVan%20Calster%20B%2C%20Steyerberg%20EW%2C%20Wynants%20L%2C%20van%20Smeden%20M.%20There%20is%20no%20such%20thing%20as%20a%20validated%20prediction%20model.%20BMC%20Med.%202023%20Feb%2024%3B21%281%29%3A70.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22There%20is%20no%20such%20thing%20as%20a%20validated%20prediction%20model%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Calster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laure%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wynants%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Smeden%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Clinical%20prediction%20models%20should%20be%20validated%20before%20implementation%20in%20clinical%20practice.%20But%20is%20favorable%20performance%20at%20internal%20validation%20or%20one%20external%20validation%20sufficient%20to%20claim%20that%20a%20prediction%20model%20works%20well%20in%20the%20intended%20clinical%20context%3F%5CnMAIN%20BODY%3A%20We%20argue%20to%20the%20contrary%20because%20%281%29%20patient%20populations%20vary%2C%20%282%29%20measurement%20procedures%20vary%2C%20and%20%283%29%20populations%20and%20measurements%20change%20over%20time.%20Hence%2C%20we%20have%20to%20expect%20heterogeneity%20in%20model%20performance%20between%20locations%20and%20settings%2C%20and%20across%20time.%20It%20follows%20that%20prediction%20models%20are%20never%20truly%20validated.%20This%20does%20not%20imply%20that%20validation%20is%20not%20important.%20Rather%2C%20the%20current%20focus%20on%20developing%20new%20models%20should%20shift%20to%20a%20focus%20on%20more%20extensive%2C%20well-conducted%2C%20and%20well-reported%20validation%20studies%20of%20promising%20models.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20Principled%20validation%20strategies%20are%20needed%20to%20understand%20and%20quantify%20heterogeneity%2C%20monitor%20performance%20over%20time%2C%20and%20update%20prediction%20models%20when%20appropriate.%20Such%20strategies%20will%20help%20to%20ensure%20that%20prediction%20models%20stay%20up-to-date%20and%20safe%20to%20support%20clinical%20decision-making.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-02-24%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12916-023-02779-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221741-7015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-09-26T08%3A08%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224S2LFIXM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Debray%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EDebray%20TPA%2C%20Collins%20GS%2C%20Riley%20RD%2C%20Snell%20KIE%2C%20Calster%20BV%2C%20Reitsma%20JB%2C%20et%20al.%20Transparent%20reporting%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%20developed%20or%20validated%20using%20clustered%20data%20%28TRIPOD-Cluster%29%3A%20explanation%20and%20elaboration.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Feb%207%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jul%2018%5D%3B380%3Ae071058.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F380%5C%2Fbmj-2022-071058%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F380%5C%2Fbmj-2022-071058%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Transparent%20reporting%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%20developed%20or%20validated%20using%20clustered%20data%20%28TRIPOD-Cluster%29%3A%20explanation%20and%20elaboration%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Debray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kym%20I.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Snell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%20Van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johannes%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitsma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EThe%20TRIPOD-Cluster%20%28transparent%20reporting%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%20developed%20or%20validated%20using%20clustered%20data%29%20statement%20comprises%20a%2019%20item%20checklist%2C%20which%20aims%20to%20improve%20the%20reporting%20of%20studies%20developing%20or%20validating%20a%20prediction%20model%20in%20clustered%20data%2C%20such%20as%20individual%20participant%20data%20meta-analyses%20%28clustering%20by%20study%29%20and%20electronic%20health%20records%20%28clustering%20by%20practice%20or%20hospital%29.%20This%20explanation%20and%20elaboration%20document%20describes%20the%20rationale%3B%20clarifies%20the%20meaning%20of%20each%20item%3B%20and%20discusses%20why%20transparent%20reporting%20is%20important%2C%20with%20a%20view%20to%20assessing%20risk%20of%20bias%20and%20clinical%20usefulness%20of%20the%20prediction%20model.%20Each%20checklist%20item%20of%20the%20TRIPOD-Cluster%20statement%20is%20explained%20in%20detail%20and%20accompanied%20by%20published%20examples%20of%20good%20reporting.%20The%20document%20also%20serves%20as%20a%20reference%20of%20factors%20to%20consider%20when%20designing%2C%20conducting%2C%20and%20analysing%20prediction%20model%20development%20or%20validation%20studies%20in%20clustered%20data.%20To%20aid%20the%20editorial%20process%20and%20help%20peer%20reviewers%20and%2C%20ultimately%2C%20readers%20and%20systematic%20reviewers%20of%20prediction%20model%20studies%2C%20authors%20are%20recommended%20to%20include%20a%20completed%20checklist%20in%20their%20submission.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F02%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2022-071058%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221756-1833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F380%5C%2Fbmj-2022-071058%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-18T07%3A51%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L7XVNFPX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22de%20Hond%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-01-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3Ede%20Hond%20AAH%2C%20Leeuwenberg%20AM%2C%20Hooft%20L%2C%20Kant%20IMJ%2C%20Nijman%20SWJ%2C%20van%20Os%20HJA%2C%20et%20al.%20Guidelines%20and%20quality%20criteria%20for%20artificial%20intelligence-based%20prediction%20models%20in%20healthcare%3A%20a%20scoping%20review.%20npj%20Digit%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202022%20Jan%2010%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jul%2018%5D%3B5%281%29%3A1%26%23×2013%3B13.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41746-021-00549-7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41746-021-00549-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guidelines%20and%20quality%20criteria%20for%20artificial%20intelligence-based%20prediction%20models%20in%20healthcare%3A%20a%20scoping%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne%20A.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Hond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Artuur%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leeuwenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lotty%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hooft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilse%20M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nijman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hendrikus%20J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Os%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jiska%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aardoom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Debray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewoud%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Smeden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johannes%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitsma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chavannes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20the%20opportunities%20of%20ML%20and%20AI%20in%20healthcare%20are%20promising%2C%20the%20growth%20of%20complex%20data-driven%20prediction%20models%20requires%20careful%20quality%20and%20applicability%20assessment%20before%20they%20are%20applied%20and%20disseminated%20in%20daily%20practice.%20This%20scoping%20review%20aimed%20to%20identify%20actionable%20guidance%20for%20those%20closely%20involved%20in%20AI-based%20prediction%20model%20%28AIPM%29%20development%2C%20evaluation%20and%20implementation%20including%20software%20engineers%2C%20data%20scientists%2C%20and%20healthcare%20professionals%20and%20to%20identify%20potential%20gaps%20in%20this%20guidance.%20We%20performed%20a%20scoping%20review%20of%20the%20relevant%20literature%20providing%20guidance%20or%20quality%20criteria%20regarding%20the%20development%2C%20evaluation%2C%20and%20implementation%20of%20AIPMs%20using%20a%20comprehensive%20multi-stage%20screening%20strategy.%20PubMed%2C%20Web%20of%20Science%2C%20and%20the%20ACM%20Digital%20Library%20were%20searched%2C%20and%20AI%20experts%20were%20consulted.%20Topics%20were%20extracted%20from%20the%20identified%20literature%20and%20summarized%20across%20the%20six%20phases%20at%20the%20core%20of%20this%20review%3A%20%281%29%20data%20preparation%2C%20%282%29%20AIPM%20development%2C%20%283%29%20AIPM%20validation%2C%20%284%29%20software%20development%2C%20%285%29%20AIPM%20impact%20assessment%2C%20and%20%286%29%20AIPM%20implementation%20into%20daily%20healthcare%20practice.%20From%202683%20unique%20hits%2C%2072%20relevant%20guidance%20documents%20were%20identified.%20Substantial%20guidance%20was%20found%20for%20data%20preparation%2C%20AIPM%20development%20and%20AIPM%20validation%20%28phases%201%5Cu20133%29%2C%20while%20later%20phases%20clearly%20have%20received%20less%20attention%20%28software%20development%2C%20impact%20assessment%20and%20implementation%29%20in%20the%20scientific%20literature.%20The%20six%20phases%20of%20the%20AIPM%20development%2C%20evaluation%20and%20implementation%20cycle%20provide%20a%20framework%20for%20responsible%20introduction%20of%20AI-based%20prediction%20models%20in%20healthcare.%20Additional%20domain%20and%20technology%20specific%20research%20may%20be%20necessary%20and%20more%20practical%20experience%20with%20implementing%20AIPMs%20is%20needed%20to%20support%20further%20guidance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-01-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41746-021-00549-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222398-6352%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41746-021-00549-7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-18T06%3A47%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222WDFZTFL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ramspek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERamspek%20CL%2C%20Steyerberg%20EW%2C%20Riley%20RD%2C%20Rosendaal%20FR%2C%20Dekkers%20OM%2C%20Dekker%20FW%2C%20et%20al.%20Prediction%20or%20causality%3F%20A%20scoping%20review%20of%20their%20conflation%20within%20current%20observational%20research.%20Eur%20J%20Epidemiol.%202021%20Sep%3B36%289%29%3A889%26%23×2013%3B98.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prediction%20or%20causality%3F%20A%20scoping%20review%20of%20their%20conflation%20within%20current%20observational%20research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chava%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramspek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frits%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosendaal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olaf%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dekkers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedo%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dekker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Merel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Diepen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Etiological%20research%20aims%20to%20uncover%20causal%20effects%2C%20whilst%20prediction%20research%20aims%20to%20forecast%20an%20outcome%20with%20the%20best%20accuracy.%20Causal%20and%20prediction%20research%20usually%20require%20different%20methods%2C%20and%20yet%20their%20findings%20may%20get%20conflated%20when%20reported%20and%20interpreted.%20The%20aim%20of%20the%20current%20study%20is%20to%20quantify%20the%20frequency%20of%20conflation%20between%20etiological%20and%20prediction%20research%2C%20to%20discuss%20common%20underlying%20mistakes%20and%20provide%20recommendations%20on%20how%20to%20avoid%20these.%20Observational%20cohort%20studies%20published%20in%20January%202018%20in%20the%20top-ranked%20journals%20of%20six%20distinct%20medical%20fields%20%28Cardiology%2C%20Clinical%20Epidemiology%2C%20Clinical%20Neurology%2C%20General%20and%20Internal%20Medicine%2C%20Nephrology%20and%20Surgery%29%20were%20included%20for%20the%20current%20scoping%20review.%20Data%20on%20conflation%20was%20extracted%20through%20signaling%20questions.%20In%20total%2C%20180%20studies%20were%20included.%20Overall%2C%2026%25%20%28n%5Cu2009%3D%5Cu200946%29%20contained%20conflation%20between%20etiology%20and%20prediction.%20The%20frequency%20of%20conflation%20varied%20across%20medical%20field%20and%20journal%20impact%20factor.%20From%20the%20causal%20studies%2022%25%20was%20conflated%2C%20mainly%20due%20to%20the%20selection%20of%20covariates%20based%20on%20their%20ability%20to%20predict%20without%20taking%20the%20causal%20structure%20into%20account.%20Within%20prediction%20studies%2038%25%20was%20conflated%2C%20the%20most%20frequent%20reason%20was%20a%20causal%20interpretation%20of%20covariates%20included%20in%20a%20prediction%20model.%20Conflation%20of%20etiology%20and%20prediction%20is%20a%20common%20methodological%20error%20in%20observational%20medical%20research%20and%20more%20frequent%20in%20prediction%20studies.%20As%20this%20may%20lead%20to%20biased%20estimations%20and%20erroneous%20conclusions%2C%20researchers%20must%20be%20careful%20when%20designing%2C%20interpreting%20and%20disseminating%20their%20research%20to%20ensure%20this%20conflation%20is%20avoided.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10654-021-00794-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-7284%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%2C%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-03T07%3A05%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MUTFG5TS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ramspek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERamspek%20CL%2C%20Jager%20KJ%2C%20Dekker%20FW%2C%20Zoccali%20C%2C%20van%20Diepen%20M.%20External%20validation%20of%20prognostic%20models%3A%20what%2C%20why%2C%20how%2C%20when%20and%20where%3F%20Clinical%20Kidney%20Journal%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Feb%203%20%5Bcited%202023%20Mar%2022%5D%3B14%281%29%3A49%26%23×2013%3B58.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fckj%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F14%5C%2F1%5C%2F49%5C%2F6000246%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fckj%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F14%5C%2F1%5C%2F49%5C%2F6000246%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22External%20validation%20of%20prognostic%20models%3A%20what%2C%20why%2C%20how%2C%20when%20and%20where%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chava%20L%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramspek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kitty%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jager%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedo%20W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dekker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carmine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoccali%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Merel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Diepen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Prognostic%20models%20that%20aim%20to%20improve%20the%20prediction%20of%20clinical%20events%2C%20individualized%20treatment%20and%20decision-making%20are%20increasingly%20being%20developed%20and%20published.%20However%2C%20relatively%20few%20models%20are%20externally%20validated%20and%20validation%20by%20independent%20researchers%20is%20rare.%20External%20validation%20is%20necessary%20to%20determine%20a%20prediction%20model%5Cu2019s%20reproducibility%20and%20generalizability%20to%20new%20and%20different%20patients.%20Various%20methodological%20considerations%20are%20important%20when%20assessing%20or%20designing%20an%20external%20validation%20study.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20an%20overview%20is%20provided%20of%20these%20considerations%2C%20starting%20with%20what%20external%20validation%20is%2C%20what%20types%20of%20external%20validation%20can%20be%20distinguished%20and%20why%20such%20studies%20are%20a%20crucial%20step%20towards%20the%20clinical%20implementation%20of%20accurate%20prediction%20models.%20Statistical%20analyses%20and%20interpretation%20of%20external%20validation%20results%20are%20reviewed%20in%20an%20intuitive%20manner%20and%20considerations%20for%20selecting%20an%20appropriate%20existing%20prediction%20model%20and%20external%20validation%20population%20are%20discussed.%20This%20study%20enables%20clinicians%20and%20researchers%20to%20gain%20a%20deeper%20understanding%20of%20how%20to%20interpret%20model%20validation%20results%20and%20how%20to%20translate%20these%20results%20to%20their%20own%20patient%20population.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-02-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fckj%5C%2Fsfaa188%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222048-8513%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fckj%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F14%5C%2F1%5C%2F49%5C%2F6000246%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-03-22T08%3A16%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NT7QKHI9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Calster%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-12-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EVan%20Calster%20B%2C%20McLernon%20DJ%2C%20van%20Smeden%20M%2C%20Wynants%20L%2C%20Steyerberg%20EW%2C%20Bossuyt%20P%2C%20et%20al.%20Calibration%3A%20the%20Achilles%20heel%20of%20predictive%20analytics.%20BMC%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20Dec%2016%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B17%281%29%3A230.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-019-1466-7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-019-1466-7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Calibration%3A%20the%20Achilles%20heel%20of%20predictive%20analytics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Calster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLernon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Smeden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laure%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wynants%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bossuyt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Petra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macaskill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLernon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%5Cu00a0Calster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%5Cu00a0Smeden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%5Cu00a0J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vickers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22On%20behalf%20of%20Topic%20Group%20%5Cu2018Evaluating%20diagnostic%20tests%20and%20prediction%20models%5Cu2019%20of%20the%20STRATOS%20initiative%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20assessment%20of%20calibration%20performance%20of%20risk%20prediction%20models%20based%20on%20regression%20or%20more%20flexible%20machine%20learning%20algorithms%20receives%20little%20attention.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%2016%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12916-019-1466-7%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221741-7015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-019-1466-7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-04T06%3A17%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22A5LX89JA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Steyerberg%20and%20Harrell%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESteyerberg%20EW%2C%20Harrell%20FE.%20Prediction%20models%20need%20appropriate%20internal%2C%20internal-external%2C%20and%20external%20validation.%20J%20Clin%20Epidemiol.%202016%20Jan%3B69%3A245%26%23×2013%3B7.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prediction%20models%20need%20appropriate%20internal%2C%20internal-external%2C%20and%20external%20validation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ewout%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steyerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harrell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jclinepi.2015.04.005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221878-5921%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A09%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223RW3J6AW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Collins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-03-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECollins%20GS%2C%20de%20Groot%20JA%2C%20Dutton%20S%2C%20Omar%20O%2C%20Shanyinde%20M%2C%20Tajar%20A%2C%20et%20al.%20External%20validation%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20methodological%20conduct%20and%20reporting.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202014%20Mar%2019%20%5Bcited%202022%20Aug%204%5D%3B14%281%29%3A40.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-14-40%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-14-40%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22External%20validation%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20methodological%20conduct%20and%20reporting%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Groot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dutton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Omar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Omar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milensu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shanyinde%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdelouahid%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tajar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Merryn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voysey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rose%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wharton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ly-Mee%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Before%20considering%20whether%20to%20use%20a%20multivariable%20%28diagnostic%20or%20prognostic%29%20prediction%20model%2C%20it%20is%20essential%20that%20its%20performance%20be%20evaluated%20in%20data%20that%20were%20not%20used%20to%20develop%20the%20model%20%28referred%20to%20as%20external%20validation%29.%20We%20critically%20appraised%20the%20methodological%20conduct%20and%20reporting%20of%20external%20validation%20studies%20of%20multivariable%20prediction%20models.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-03-19%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-14-40%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-14-40%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-04T07%3A29%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZMJKZXNI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouwmeester%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBouwmeester%20W%2C%20Twisk%20JW%2C%20Kappen%20TH%2C%20van%20Klei%20WA%2C%20Moons%20KG%2C%20Vergouwe%20Y.%20Prediction%20models%20for%20clustered%20data%3A%20comparison%20of%20a%20random%20intercept%20and%20standard%20regression%20model.%20BMC%20Medical%20Research%20Methodology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202013%20Feb%2015%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B13%281%29%3A19.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-13-19%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-13-19%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prediction%20models%20for%20clustered%20data%3A%20comparison%20of%20a%20random%20intercept%20and%20standard%20regression%20model%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Walter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouwmeester%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jos%20WR%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Twisk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Teus%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kappen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wilton%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Klei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karel%20GM%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yvonne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vergouwe%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22When%20study%20data%20are%20clustered%2C%20standard%20regression%20analysis%20is%20considered%20inappropriate%20and%20analytical%20techniques%20for%20clustered%20data%20need%20to%20be%20used.%20For%20prediction%20research%20in%20which%20the%20interest%20of%20predictor%20effects%20is%20on%20the%20patient%20level%2C%20random%20effect%20regression%20models%20are%20probably%20preferred%20over%20standard%20regression%20analysis.%20It%20is%20well%20known%20that%20the%20random%20effect%20parameter%20estimates%20and%20the%20standard%20logistic%20regression%20parameter%20estimates%20are%20different.%20Here%2C%20we%20compared%20random%20effect%20and%20standard%20logistic%20regression%20models%20for%20their%20ability%20to%20provide%20accurate%20predictions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%2015%2C%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-13-19%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2288%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1471-2288-13-19%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A10%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22N9ESAS28%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cawley%20and%20Talbot%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECawley%20GC%2C%20Talbot%20NLC.%20On%20Over-%26%23xFB01%3Btting%20in%20Model%20Selection%20and%20Subsequent%20Selection%20Bias%20in%20Performance%20Evaluation.%20%3A29.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22On%20Over-%5Cufb01tting%20in%20Model%20Selection%20and%20Subsequent%20Selection%20Bias%20in%20Performance%20Evaluation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gavin%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cawley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicola%20L%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talbot%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Model%20selection%20strategies%20for%20machine%20learning%20algorithms%20typically%20involve%20the%20numerical%20optimisation%20of%20an%20appropriate%20model%20selection%20criterion%2C%20often%20based%20on%20an%20estimator%20of%20generalisation%20performance%2C%20such%20as%20k-fold%20cross-validation.%20The%20error%20of%20such%20an%20estimator%20can%20be%20broken%20down%20into%20bias%20and%20variance%20components.%20While%20unbiasedness%20is%20often%20cited%20as%20a%20bene%5Cufb01cial%20quality%20of%20a%20model%20selection%20criterion%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20that%20a%20low%20variance%20is%20at%20least%20as%20important%2C%20as%20a%20nonnegligible%20variance%20introduces%20the%20potential%20for%20over-%5Cufb01tting%20in%20model%20selection%20as%20well%20as%20in%20training%20the%20model.%20While%20this%20observation%20is%20in%20hindsight%20perhaps%20rather%20obvious%2C%20the%20degradation%20in%20performance%20due%20to%20over-%5Cufb01tting%20the%20model%20selection%20criterion%20can%20be%20surprisingly%20large%2C%20an%20observation%20that%20appears%20to%20have%20received%20little%20attention%20in%20the%20machine%20learning%20literature%20to%20date.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20show%20that%20the%20effects%20of%20this%20form%20of%20over-%5Cufb01tting%20are%20often%20of%20comparable%20magnitude%20to%20differences%20in%20performance%20between%20learning%20algorithms%2C%20and%20thus%20cannot%20be%20ignored%20in%20empirical%20evaluation.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20show%20that%20some%20common%20performance%20evaluation%20practices%20are%20susceptible%20to%20a%20form%20of%20selection%20bias%20as%20a%20result%20of%20this%20form%20of%20over-%5Cufb01tting%20and%20hence%20are%20unreliable.%20We%20discuss%20methods%20to%20avoid%20over-%5Cufb01tting%20in%20model%20selection%20and%20subsequent%20selection%20bias%20in%20performance%20evaluation%2C%20which%20we%20hope%20will%20be%20incorporated%20into%20best%20practice.%20While%20this%20study%20concentrates%20on%20cross-validation%20based%20model%20selection%2C%20the%20%5Cufb01ndings%20are%20quite%20general%20and%20apply%20to%20any%20model%20selection%20practice%20involving%20the%20optimisation%20of%20a%20model%20selection%20criterion%20evaluated%20over%20a%20%5Cufb01nite%20sample%20of%20data%2C%20including%20maximisation%20of%20the%20Bayesian%20evidence%20and%20optimisation%20of%20performance%20bounds.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IAANB7M4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A09%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Watson V, Smith CT, Bonnett LJ. Systematic review of methods used in prediction models with recurrent event data. Diagn Progn Res [Internet]. 2024 Aug 6 [cited 2024 Aug 8];8:13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11302841/
1.
Hond A de, Leeuwenberg T, Bartels R, Buchem M van, Kant I, Moons KG, et al. From text to treatment: the crucial role of validation for generative large language models in health care. The Lancet Digital Health [Internet]. 2024 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Jun 23];6(7):e441–3. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(24)00111-0/fulltext?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email
1.
Zhou DJ, Chahal R, Gotlib IH, Liu S. Comparison of Lasso and Stepwise Regression in Psychological Data. Methodology [Internet]. 2024 Jun 28 [cited 2024 Nov 1];20(2):121–43. Available from: https://meth.psychopen.eu/index.php/meth/article/view/11523
1.
Hicks MT, Humphries J, Slater J. ChatGPT is bullshit. Ethics Inf Technol [Internet]. 2024 Jun 8 [cited 2024 Jun 21];26(2):38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5
1.
Collins GS, Moons KGM, Dhiman P, Riley RD, Beam AL, Van Calster B, et al. TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods. BMJ [Internet]. 2024 Apr 16 [cited 2024 May 31];e078378. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2023-078378
1.
Riley RD, Pate A, Dhiman P, Archer L, Martin GP, Collins GS. Clinical prediction models and the multiverse of madness. BMC Med [Internet]. 2023 Dec 18 [cited 2023 Dec 20];21(1):502. Available from: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03212-y
1.
Mandel F, Ghosh RP, Barnett I. Neural Networks for Clustered and Longitudinal Data Using Mixed Effects Models. Biometrics [Internet]. 2023 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Jun 23];79(2):711–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13615
1.
Van Calster B, Steyerberg EW, Wynants L, van Smeden M. There is no such thing as a validated prediction model. BMC Med. 2023 Feb 24;21(1):70.
1.
Debray TPA, Collins GS, Riley RD, Snell KIE, Calster BV, Reitsma JB, et al. Transparent reporting of multivariable prediction models developed or validated using clustered data (TRIPOD-Cluster): explanation and elaboration. BMJ [Internet]. 2023 Feb 7 [cited 2024 Jul 18];380:e071058. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj-2022-071058
1.
de Hond AAH, Leeuwenberg AM, Hooft L, Kant IMJ, Nijman SWJ, van Os HJA, et al. Guidelines and quality criteria for artificial intelligence-based prediction models in healthcare: a scoping review. npj Digit Med [Internet]. 2022 Jan 10 [cited 2024 Jul 18];5(1):1–13. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-021-00549-7
1.
Ramspek CL, Steyerberg EW, Riley RD, Rosendaal FR, Dekkers OM, Dekker FW, et al. Prediction or causality? A scoping review of their conflation within current observational research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Sep;36(9):889–98.
1.
Ramspek CL, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, van Diepen M. External validation of prognostic models: what, why, how, when and where? Clinical Kidney Journal [Internet]. 2021 Feb 3 [cited 2023 Mar 22];14(1):49–58. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/14/1/49/6000246
1.
Van Calster B, McLernon DJ, van Smeden M, Wynants L, Steyerberg EW, Bossuyt P, et al. Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics. BMC Medicine [Internet]. 2019 Dec 16 [cited 2021 Dec 31];17(1):230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1466-7
1.
Steyerberg EW, Harrell FE. Prediction models need appropriate internal, internal-external, and external validation. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Jan;69:245–7.
1.
Collins GS, de Groot JA, Dutton S, Omar O, Shanyinde M, Tajar A, et al. External validation of multivariable prediction models: a systematic review of methodological conduct and reporting. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2014 Mar 19 [cited 2022 Aug 4];14(1):40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-40
1.
Bouwmeester W, Twisk JW, Kappen TH, van Klei WA, Moons KG, Vergouwe Y. Prediction models for clustered data: comparison of a random intercept and standard regression model. BMC Medical Research Methodology [Internet]. 2013 Feb 15 [cited 2021 Dec 31];13(1):19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-19
1.
Cawley GC, Talbot NLC. On Over-fitting in Model Selection and Subsequent Selection Bias in Performance Evaluation. :29.
Randomised trials
8915996
8MC8XPHT
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22NFGSLQQY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Billot%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-02-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBillot%20L%2C%20Copas%20A%2C%20Leyrat%20C%2C%20Forbes%20A%2C%20Turner%20EL.%20How%20should%20a%20cluster%20randomized%20trial%20be%20analyzed%3F%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology%20and%20Population%20Health%20%5BInternet%5D.%202024%20Feb%201%20%5Bcited%202024%20Aug%2022%5D%3B72%281%29%3A202196.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2950433324000077%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2950433324000077%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20should%20a%20cluster%20randomized%20trial%20be%20analyzed%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Billot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Copas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Clemence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leyrat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Forbes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20cluster%20randomized%20trials%2C%20individuals%20from%20the%20same%20cluster%20tend%20to%20have%20more%20similar%20outcomes%20than%20individuals%20from%20different%20clusters.%20This%20correlation%20must%20be%20taken%20into%20account%20in%20the%20analysis%20of%20every%20cluster%20trial%20to%20avoid%20incorrect%20inferences.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20describe%20the%20principles%20guiding%20the%20analysis%20of%20cluster%20trials%20including%20how%20to%20correctly%20account%20for%20intra-cluster%20correlations%20as%20well%20as%20how%20to%20analyze%20more%20advanced%20designs%20such%20as%20stepped-wedge%20and%20cluster%20cross-over%20trials.%20We%20then%20describe%20how%20to%20handle%20specific%20issues%20such%20as%20small%20sample%20sizes%20and%20missing%20data.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-02-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jeph.2024.202196%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222950-4333%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2950433324000077%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-08-22T07%3A20%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LD5K7ZC9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ahn%20and%20Kang%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAhn%20E%2C%20Kang%20H.%20Intention-to-treat%20versus%20as-treated%20versus%20per-protocol%20approaches%20to%20analysis.%20Korean%20J%20Anesthesiol%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Dec%20%5Bcited%202024%20Oct%2011%5D%3B76%286%29%3A531%26%23×2013%3B9.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10718629%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10718629%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Intention-to-treat%20versus%20as-treated%20versus%20per-protocol%20approaches%20to%20analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22EunJin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hyun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Randomized%20controlled%20trials%20%28RCTs%29%20are%20considered%20the%20most%20rigorous%20study%20design%20for%20testing%20hypotheses%20and%20the%20gold%20standard%20for%20evaluating%20intervention%20effectiveness.%20However%2C%20RCTs%20are%20often%20conducted%20under%20the%20assumption%20of%20ideal%20conditions%20that%20may%20differ%20from%20real-world%20scenarios%20in%20which%20various%20issues%2C%20such%20as%20loss%20to%20follow-up%2C%20mistakes%20in%20participant%20enrollment%20or%20intervention%2C%20and%20low%20subject%20compliance%20or%20adherence%2C%20may%20occur.%20There%20are%20various%20group-defining%20strategies%20for%20analyzing%20RCT%20data%2C%20including%20the%20intention-to-treat%20%28ITT%29%2C%20as-treated%2C%20and%20per-protocol%20%28PP%29%20approaches.%20The%20ITT%20principle%20involves%20analyzing%20all%20participants%20according%20to%20their%20initial%20group%20assignments%2C%20regardless%20of%20study%20completion%20and%20compliance%20or%20adherence%20to%20treatment%20protocols.%20This%20approach%20aims%20to%20replicate%20real-world%20clinical%20settings%20in%20which%20several%20anticipated%20or%20unexpected%20conditions%20may%20occur%20with%20regard%20to%20the%20study%20protocol.%20For%20the%20PP%20approach%2C%20only%20participants%20who%20meet%20the%20inclusion%20criteria%2C%20complete%20the%20interventions%20according%20to%20the%20study%20protocols%2C%20and%20have%20primary%20outcome%20data%20available%20are%20included.%20This%20approach%20aims%20to%20confirm%20treatment%20effects%20under%20optimal%20conditions.%20In%20general%2C%20the%20ITT%20principle%20is%20preferred%20for%20superiority%20and%20inequality%20trials%2C%20whereas%20the%20PP%20approach%20is%20preferred%20for%20equivalence%20and%20non-inferiority%20trials.%20However%2C%20both%20analytical%20approaches%20should%20be%20conducted%20and%20their%20results%20compared%20to%20determine%20whether%20significant%20differences%20exist.%20Overall%2C%20using%20both%20the%20ITT%20and%20PP%20approaches%20can%20provide%20a%20more%20complete%20picture%20of%20the%20treatment%20effects%20and%20ensure%20the%20reliability%20of%20the%20trial%20results.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4097%5C%2Fkja.23278%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222005-6419%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC10718629%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-11T06%3A39%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XFJFSFRD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haslberger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHaslberger%20M%2C%20Gestrich%20S%2C%20Strech%20D.%20Reporting%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20clinical%20trial%20publications%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study%20of%20German%20trials.%20BMJ%20Open%20%5BInternet%5D.%202023%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202023%20Sep%2011%5D%3B13%284%29%3Ae069553.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reporting%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20clinical%20trial%20publications%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study%20of%20German%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haslberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefanie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gestrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strech%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objective%20Prospective%20registration%20has%20been%20widely%20implemented%20and%20accepted%20as%20a%20best%20practice%20in%20clinical%20research%2C%20but%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20still%20commonly%20found.%20We%20assessed%20to%20what%20extent%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20reported%20transparently%20in%20journal%20publications%20and%20investigated%20factors%20associated%20with%20transparent%20reporting.%5CnDesign%20We%20used%20a%20dataset%20of%20trials%20registered%20in%20ClinicalTrials.gov%20or%20Deutsches%20Register%20Klinischer%20Studien%2C%20with%20a%20German%20University%20Medical%20Center%20as%20the%20lead%20centre%2C%20completed%20in%202009%5Cu20132017%2C%20and%20with%20a%20corresponding%20peer-reviewed%20results%20publication.%20We%20extracted%20all%20registration%20statements%20from%20results%20publications%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20trials%20and%20assessed%20whether%20they%20mention%20or%20justify%20the%20retrospective%20registration.%20We%20analysed%20associations%20of%20retrospective%20registration%20and%20reporting%20thereof%20with%20registration%20number%20reporting%2C%20International%20Committee%20of%20Medical%20Journal%20Editors%20%28ICMJE%29%20membership%5C%2F-following%20and%20industry%20sponsorship%20using%20%5Cu03c72%20or%20Fisher%20exact%20test.%5CnResults%20In%20the%20dataset%20of%201927%20trials%20with%20a%20corresponding%20results%20publication%2C%20956%20%2853.7%25%29%20were%20retrospectively%20registered.%20Of%20those%2C%202.2%25%20%2821%29%20explicitly%20report%20the%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20the%20abstract%20and%203.5%25%20%2833%29%20in%20the%20full%20text.%20In%202.1%25%20%2820%29%20of%20publications%2C%20authors%20provide%20an%20explanation%20for%20the%20retrospective%20registration%20in%20the%20full%20text.%20Registration%20numbers%20were%20significantly%20underreported%20in%20abstracts%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20trials%20compared%20with%20prospectively%20registered%20trials.%20Publications%20in%20ICMJE%20member%20journals%20did%20not%20have%20statistically%20significantly%20higher%20rates%20of%20both%20prospective%20registration%20and%20disclosure%20of%20retrospective%20registration%2C%20and%20publications%20in%20journals%20claiming%20to%20follow%20ICMJE%20recommendations%20showed%20statistically%20significantly%20lower%20rates%20compared%20with%20non-ICMJE-following%20journals.%20Industry%20sponsorship%20of%20trials%20was%20significantly%20associated%20with%20higher%20rates%20of%20prospective%20registration%2C%20but%20not%20with%20transparent%20registration%20reporting.%5CnConclusions%20Contrary%20to%20ICMJE%20guidance%2C%20retrospective%20registration%20is%20disclosed%20and%20explained%20only%20in%20a%20small%20number%20of%20retrospectively%20registered%20studies.%20Disclosure%20of%20the%20retrospective%20nature%20of%20the%20registration%20would%20require%20a%20brief%20statement%20in%20the%20manuscript%20and%20could%20be%20easily%20implemented%20by%20journals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F04%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmjopen-2022-069553%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222044-6055%2C%202044-6055%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbmjopen.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F13%5C%2F4%5C%2Fe069553%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-11T06%3A43%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226SN22XNF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Phillips%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-05-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPhillips%20R%2C%20Cro%20S%2C%20Wheeler%20G%2C%20Bond%20S%2C%20Morris%20TP%2C%20Creanor%20S%2C%20et%20al.%20Visualising%20harms%20in%20publications%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%3A%20consensus%20and%20recommendations.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202022%20May%2016%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%2017%5D%3B377%3Ae068983.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F377%5C%2Fbmj-2021-068983%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F377%5C%2Fbmj-2021-068983%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Visualising%20harms%20in%20publications%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%3A%20consensus%20and%20recommendations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rachel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phillips%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Suzie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Graham%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wheeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siobhan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Creanor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hewitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Love%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lopes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Iryna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlackow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carrol%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gamble%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Graeme%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacLennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anthony%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikhil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vergis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tianjing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riaz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Qureshi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Everett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holmes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amanda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kirkham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Clare%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peckitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pirrie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Norin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahmed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victoria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cornelius%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Objective%20To%20improve%20communication%20of%20harm%20in%20publications%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%20via%20the%20development%20of%20recommendations%20for%20visually%20presenting%20harm%20outcomes.%5CnDesign%20Consensus%20study.%5CnSetting%2015%20clinical%20trials%20units%20registered%20with%20the%20UK%20Clinical%20Research%20Collaboration%2C%20an%20academic%20population%20health%20department%2C%20Roche%20Products%2C%20and%20TheBMJ.%5CnParticipants%20Experts%20in%20clinical%20trials%3A%2020%20academic%20statisticians%2C%20one%20industry%20statistician%2C%20one%20academic%20health%20economist%2C%20one%20data%20graphics%20designer%2C%20and%20two%20clinicians.%5CnMain%20outcome%20measures%20A%20methodological%20review%20of%20statistical%20methods%20identified%20visualisations%20along%20with%20those%20recommended%20by%20consensus%20group%20members.%20Consensus%20on%20visual%20recommendations%20was%20achieved%20%28at%20least%2060%25%20of%20the%20available%20votes%29%20over%20a%20series%20of%20three%20meetings%20with%20participants.%20The%20participants%20reviewed%20and%20critically%20appraised%20candidate%20visualisations%20against%20an%20agreed%20framework%20and%20voted%20on%20whether%20to%20endorse%20each%20visualisation.%20Scores%20marginally%20below%20this%20threshold%20%2850-60%25%29%20were%20revisited%20for%20further%20discussions%20and%20votes%20retaken%20until%20consensus%20was%20reached.%5CnResults%2028%20visualisations%20were%20considered%2C%20of%20which%2010%20are%20recommended%20for%20researchers%20to%20consider%20in%20publications%20of%20main%20research%20findings.%20The%20choice%20of%20visualisations%20to%20present%20will%20depend%20on%20outcome%20type%20%28eg%2C%20binary%2C%20count%2C%20time-to-event%2C%20or%20continuous%29%2C%20and%20the%20scenario%20%28eg%2C%20summarising%20multiple%20emerging%20events%20or%20one%20event%20of%20interest%29.%20A%20decision%20tree%20is%20presented%20to%20assist%20trialists%20in%20deciding%20which%20visualisations%20to%20use.%20Examples%20are%20provided%20of%20each%20endorsed%20visualisation%2C%20along%20with%20an%20example%20interpretation%2C%20potential%20limitations%2C%20and%20signposting%20to%20code%20for%20implementation%20across%20a%20range%20of%20standard%20statistical%20software.%20Clinician%20feedback%20was%20incorporated%20into%20the%20explanatory%20information%20provided%20in%20the%20recommendations%20to%20aid%20understanding%20and%20interpretation.%5CnConclusions%20Visualisations%20provide%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20communicate%20harms%20in%20clinical%20trials%2C%20offering%20an%20alternative%20perspective%20to%20the%20traditional%20frequency%20tables.%20Increasing%20the%20use%20of%20visualisations%20for%20harm%20outcomes%20in%20clinical%20trial%20manuscripts%20and%20reports%20will%20provide%20clearer%20presentation%20of%20information%20and%20enable%20more%20informative%20interpretations.%20The%20limitations%20of%20each%20visualisation%20are%20discussed%20and%20examples%20of%20where%20their%20use%20would%20be%20inappropriate%20are%20given.%20Although%20the%20decision%20tree%20aids%20the%20choice%20of%20visualisation%2C%20the%20statistician%20and%20clinical%20trial%20team%20must%20ultimately%20decide%20the%20most%20appropriate%20visualisations%20for%20their%20data%20and%20objectives.%20Trialists%20should%20continue%20to%20examine%20crude%20numbers%20alongside%20visualisations%20to%20fully%20understand%20harm%20profiles.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F05%5C%2F16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj-2021-068983%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221756-1833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F377%5C%2Fbmj-2021-068983%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-17T07%3A48%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RVVPP8S7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ELiu%20X%2C%20Cruz%20Rivera%20S%2C%20Moher%20D%2C%20Calvert%20MJ%2C%20Denniston%20AK.%20Reporting%20guidelines%20for%20clinical%20trial%20reports%20for%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%3A%20the%20CONSORT-AI%20extension.%20Nat%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202020%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jun%208%5D%3B26%289%29%3A1364%26%23×2013%3B74.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reporting%20guidelines%20for%20clinical%20trial%20reports%20for%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%3A%20the%20CONSORT-AI%20extension%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaoxuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samantha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cruz%20Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melanie%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calvert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alastair%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denniston%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20CONSORT%202010%20statement%20provides%20minimum%20guidelines%20for%20reporting%20randomized%20trials.%20Its%20widespread%20use%20has%20been%20instrumental%20in%20ensuring%20transparency%20in%20the%20evaluation%20of%20new%20interventions.%20More%20recently%2C%20there%20has%20been%20a%20growing%20recognition%20that%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29%20need%20to%20undergo%20rigorous%2C%20prospective%20evaluation%20to%20demonstrate%20impact%20on%20health%20outcomes.%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20%28Consolidated%20Standards%20of%20Reporting%20Trials%5Cu2013Artificial%20Intelligence%29%20extension%20is%20a%20new%20reporting%20guideline%20for%20clinical%20trials%20evaluating%20interventions%20with%20an%20AI%20component.%20It%20was%20developed%20in%20parallel%20with%20its%20companion%20statement%20for%20clinical%20trial%20protocols%3A%20SPIRIT-AI%20%28Standard%20Protocol%20Items%3A%20Recommendations%20for%20Interventional%20Trials%5Cu2013Artificial%20Intelligence%29.%20Both%20guidelines%20were%20developed%20through%20a%20staged%20consensus%20process%20involving%20literature%20review%20and%20expert%20consultation%20to%20generate%2029%20candidate%20items%2C%20which%20were%20assessed%20by%20an%20international%20multi-stakeholder%20group%20in%20a%20two-stage%20Delphi%20survey%20%28103%20stakeholders%29%2C%20agreed%20upon%20in%20a%20two-day%20consensus%20meeting%20%2831%20stakeholders%29%20and%20refined%20through%20a%20checklist%20pilot%20%2834%20participants%29.%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20extension%20includes%2014%20new%20items%20that%20were%20considered%20sufficiently%20important%20for%20AI%20interventions%20that%20they%20should%20be%20routinely%20reported%20in%20addition%20to%20the%20core%20CONSORT%202010%20items.%20CONSORT-AI%20recommends%20that%20investigators%20provide%20clear%20descriptions%20of%20the%20AI%20intervention%2C%20including%20instructions%20and%20skills%20required%20for%20use%2C%20the%20setting%20in%20which%20the%20AI%20intervention%20is%20integrated%2C%20the%20handling%20of%20inputs%20and%20outputs%20of%20the%20AI%20intervention%2C%20the%20human%5Cu2013AI%20interaction%20and%20provision%20of%20an%20analysis%20of%20error%20cases.%20CONSORT-AI%20will%20help%20promote%20transparency%20and%20completeness%20in%20reporting%20clinical%20trials%20for%20AI%20interventions.%20It%20will%20assist%20editors%20and%20peer%20reviewers%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20general%20readership%2C%20to%20understand%2C%20interpret%20and%20critically%20appraise%20the%20quality%20of%20clinical%20trial%20design%20and%20risk%20of%20bias%20in%20the%20reported%20outcomes.%2C%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20and%20SPIRIT-AI%20extensions%20improve%20the%20transparency%20of%20clinical%20trial%20design%20and%20trial%20protocol%20reporting%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20interventions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41591-020-1034-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221078-8956%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22QS732GLL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T10%3A56%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TK77US2B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mauri%20and%20D%5Cu2019Agostino%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMauri%20L%2C%20D%26%23×2019%3BAgostino%20RB.%20Challenges%20in%20the%20Design%20and%20Interpretation%20of%20Noninferiority%20Trials.%20New%20England%20Journal%20of%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%202017%20Oct%205%20%5Bcited%202023%20Oct%2010%5D%3B377%2814%29%3A1357%26%23×2013%3B67.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMra1510063%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMra1510063%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Challenges%20in%20the%20Design%20and%20Interpretation%20of%20Noninferiority%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mauri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralph%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu2019Agostino%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-10-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1056%5C%2FNEJMra1510063%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-4793%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMra1510063%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-10T07%3A41%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2237E65C48%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Li%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ELi%20G%2C%20Taljaard%20M%2C%20Van%20den%20Heuvel%20ER%2C%20Levine%20MA%2C%20Cook%20DJ%2C%20Wells%20GA%2C%20et%20al.%20An%20introduction%20to%20multiplicity%20issues%20in%20clinical%20trials%3A%20the%20what%2C%20why%2C%20when%20and%20how.%20International%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202017%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20Nov%203%5D%3B46%282%29%3A746%26%23×2013%3B55.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyw320%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyw320%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20introduction%20to%20multiplicity%20issues%20in%20clinical%20trials%3A%20the%20what%2C%20why%2C%20when%20and%20how%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guowei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taljaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edwin%20R%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20den%20Heuvel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mitchell%20AH%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deborah%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wells%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Devereaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thabane%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20clinical%20trials%20it%20is%20not%20uncommon%20to%20face%20a%20multiple%20testing%20problem%20which%20can%20have%20an%20impact%20on%20both%20type%20I%20and%20type%20II%20error%20rates%2C%20leading%20to%20inappropriate%20interpretation%20of%20trial%20results.%20Multiplicity%20issues%20may%20need%20to%20be%20considered%20at%20the%20design%2C%20analysis%20and%20interpretation%20stages%20of%20a%20trial.%20The%20proportion%20of%20trial%20reports%20not%20adequately%20correcting%20for%20multiple%20testing%20remains%20substantial.%20The%20purpose%20of%20this%20article%20is%20to%20provide%20an%20introduction%20to%20multiple%20testing%20issues%20in%20clinical%20trials%2C%20and%20to%20reduce%20confusion%20around%20the%20need%20for%20multiplicity%20adjustments.%20We%20use%20a%20tutorial%2C%20question-and-answer%20approach%20to%20address%20the%20key%20issues%20of%20why%2C%20when%20and%20how%20to%20consider%20multiplicity%20adjustments%20in%20trials.%20We%20summarize%20the%20relevant%20circumstances%20under%20which%20multiplicity%20adjustments%20ought%20to%20be%20considered%2C%20as%20well%20as%20options%20for%20carrying%20out%20multiplicity%20adjustments%20in%20terms%20of%20trial%20design%20factors%20including%20Population%2C%20Intervention%5C%2FComparison%2C%20Outcome%2C%20Time%20frame%20and%20Analysis%20%28PICOTA%29.%20Results%20are%20presented%20in%20an%20easy-to-use%20table%20and%20flow%20diagrams.%20Confusion%20about%20multiplicity%20issues%20can%20be%20reduced%20or%20avoided%20by%20considering%20the%20potential%20impact%20of%20multiplicity%20on%20type%20I%20and%20II%20errors%20and%2C%20if%20necessary%20pre-specifying%20statistical%20approaches%20to%20either%20avoid%20or%20adjust%20for%20multiplicity%20in%20the%20trial%20protocol%20or%20analysis%20plan.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-04-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyw320%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220300-5771%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fije%5C%2Fdyw320%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-03T07%3A32%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222BL2J2NM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kahan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-09-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKahan%20BC%2C%20Rehal%20S%2C%20Cro%20S.%20Risk%20of%20selection%20bias%20in%20randomised%20trials.%20Trials%20%5BInternet%5D.%202015%20Sep%2010%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B16%281%29%3A405.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs13063-015-0920-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs13063-015-0920-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Risk%20of%20selection%20bias%20in%20randomised%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brennan%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kahan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rehal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Suzie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cro%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Selection%20bias%20occurs%20when%20recruiters%20selectively%20enrol%20patients%20into%20the%20trial%20based%20on%20what%20the%20next%20treatment%20allocation%20is%20likely%20to%20be.%20This%20can%20occur%20even%20if%20appropriate%20allocation%20concealment%20is%20used%20if%20recruiters%20can%20guess%20the%20next%20treatment%20assignment%20with%20some%20degree%20of%20accuracy.%20This%20typically%20occurs%20in%20unblinded%20trials%20when%20restricted%20randomisation%20is%20implemented%20to%20force%20the%20number%20of%20patients%20in%20each%20arm%20or%20within%20each%20centre%20to%20be%20the%20same.%20Several%20methods%20to%20reduce%20the%20risk%20of%20selection%20bias%20have%20been%20suggested%3B%20however%2C%20it%20is%20unclear%20how%20often%20these%20techniques%20are%20used%20in%20practice.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%2010%2C%202015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs13063-015-0920-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221745-6215%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs13063-015-0920-x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A00%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LDZP5DF8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hemming%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-02-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHemming%20K%2C%20Haines%20TP%2C%20Chilton%20PJ%2C%20Girling%20AJ%2C%20Lilford%20RJ.%20The%20stepped%20wedge%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%3A%20rationale%2C%20design%2C%20analysis%2C%20and%20reporting.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202015%20Feb%206%20%5Bcited%202023%20Sep%2027%5D%3B350%28feb06%201%29%3Ah391%26%23×2013%3Bh391.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.h391%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.h391%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20stepped%20wedge%20cluster%20randomised%20trial%3A%20rationale%2C%20design%2C%20analysis%2C%20and%20reporting%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hemming%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haines%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chilton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Girling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lilford%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-02-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.h391%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221756-1833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.h391%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-27T06%3A54%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EE9UKLYQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Knol%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKnol%20MJ%2C%20Groenwold%20RHH%2C%20Grobbee%20DE.%20P-values%20in%20baseline%20tables%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%20are%20inappropriate%20but%20still%20common%20in%20high%20impact%20journals.%20Eur%20J%20Prev%20Cardiol.%202012%20Apr%3B19%282%29%3A231%26%23×2013%3B2.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22P-values%20in%20baseline%20tables%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%20are%20inappropriate%20but%20still%20common%20in%20high%20impact%20journals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groenwold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grobbee%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F1741826711421688%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222047-4881%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A13%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XY2AYZJT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hackshaw%20and%20Kirkwood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-07-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHackshaw%20A%2C%20Kirkwood%20A.%20Interpreting%20and%20reporting%20clinical%20trials%20with%20results%20of%20borderline%20significance.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202011%20Jul%204%20%5Bcited%202022%20Aug%2012%5D%3B343%3Ad3340.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F343%5C%2Fbmj.d3340%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F343%5C%2Fbmj.d3340%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interpreting%20and%20reporting%20clinical%20trials%20with%20results%20of%20borderline%20significance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Allan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hackshaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kirkwood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EBorderline%20significance%20in%20the%20primary%20end%20point%20of%20trials%20does%20not%20necessarily%20mean%20that%20the%20intervention%20is%20not%20effective.%20Researchers%20and%20journals%20need%20to%20be%20more%20consistent%20in%20how%20they%20report%20these%20results%20%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%5C%2F07%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.d3340%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%2C%201468-5833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F343%5C%2Fbmj.d3340%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-23T07%3A59%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K5QTMUX6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tangri%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ETangri%20N%2C%20Kitsios%20GD%2C%20Su%20SH%2C%20Kent%20DM.%20Accounting%20for%20center%20effects%20in%20multicenter%20trials.%20Epidemiology.%202010%20Nov%3B21%286%29%3A912%26%23×2013%3B3.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Accounting%20for%20center%20effects%20in%20multicenter%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Navdeep%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tangri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgios%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kitsios%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shi%20Hann%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Su%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kent%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1097%5C%2FEDE.0b013e3181f56fc0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221531-5487%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A43%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WMRR9TLK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moher%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-03-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMoher%20D%2C%20Hopewell%20S%2C%20Schulz%20KF%2C%20Montori%20V%2C%20Gotzsche%20PC%2C%20Devereaux%20PJ%2C%20et%20al.%20CONSORT%202010%20Explanation%20and%20Elaboration%3A%20updated%20guidelines%20for%20reporting%20parallel%20group%20randomised%20trials.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%202010%20Mar%2023%20%5Bcited%202022%20Oct%206%5D%3B340%28mar23%201%29%3Ac869%26%23×2013%3Bc869.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.c869%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.c869%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22CONSORT%202010%20Explanation%20and%20Elaboration%3A%20updated%20guidelines%20for%20reporting%20parallel%20group%20randomised%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hopewell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20F%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schulz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gotzsche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Devereaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elbourne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Egger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Overwhelming%20evidence%20shows%20the%20quality%20of%20reporting%20of%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%20%28RCTs%29%20is%20not%20optimal.%20Without%20transparent%20reporting%2C%20readers%20cannot%20judge%20the%20reliability%20and%20validity%20of%20trial%20findings%20nor%20extract%20information%20for%20systematic%20reviews.%20Recent%20methodological%20analyses%20indicate%20that%20inadequate%20reporting%20and%20design%20are%20associated%20with%20biased%20estimates%20of%20treatment%20effects.%20Such%20systematic%20error%20is%20seriously%20damaging%20to%20RCTs%2C%20which%20are%20considered%20the%20gold%20standard%20for%20evaluating%20interventions%20because%20of%20their%20ability%20to%20minimise%20or%20avoid%20bias.%20A%20group%20of%20scientists%20and%20editors%20developed%20the%20CONSORT%20%28Consolidated%20Standards%20of%20Reporting%20Trials%29%20statement%20to%20improve%20the%20quality%20of%20reporting%20of%20RCTs.%20It%20was%20first%20published%20in%201996%20and%20updated%20in%202001.%20The%20statement%20consists%20of%20a%20checklist%20and%20flow%20diagram%20that%20authors%20can%20use%20for%20reporting%20an%20RCT.%20Many%20leading%20medical%20journals%20and%20major%20international%20editorial%20groups%20have%20endorsed%20the%20CONSORT%20statement.%20The%20statement%20facilitates%20critical%20appraisal%20and%20interpretation%20of%20RCTs.%20During%20the%202001%20CONSORT%20revision%2C%20it%20became%20clear%20that%20explanation%20and%20elaboration%20of%20the%20principles%20underlying%20the%20CONSORT%20statement%20would%20help%20investigators%20and%20others%20to%20write%20or%20appraise%20trial%20reports.%20A%20CONSORT%20explanation%20and%20elaboration%20article%20was%20published%20in%202001%20alongside%20the%202001%20version%20of%20the%20CONSORT%20statement.%20After%20an%20expert%20meeting%20in%20January%202007%2C%20the%20CONSORT%20statement%20has%20been%20further%20revised%20and%20is%20published%20as%20the%20CONSORT%202010%20Statement.%20This%20update%20improves%20the%20wording%20and%20clarity%20of%20the%20previous%20checklist%20and%20incorporates%20recommendations%20related%20to%20topics%20that%20have%20only%20recently%20received%20recognition%2C%20such%20as%20selective%20outcome%20reporting%20bias.%20This%20explanatory%20and%20elaboration%20document%5Cu2014intended%20to%20enhance%20the%20use%2C%20understanding%2C%20and%20dissemination%20of%20the%20CONSORT%20statement%5Cu2014has%20also%20been%20extensively%20revised.%20It%20presents%20the%20meaning%20and%20rationale%20for%20each%20new%20and%20updated%20checklist%20item%20providing%20examples%20of%20good%20reporting%20and%2C%20where%20possible%2C%20references%20to%20relevant%20empirical%20studies.%20Several%20examples%20of%20flow%20diagrams%20are%20included.%20The%20CONSORT%202010%20Statement%2C%20this%20revised%20explanatory%20and%20elaboration%20document%2C%20and%20the%20associated%20website%20%28www.%20consort-statement.org%29%20should%20be%20helpful%20resources%20to%20improve%20reporting%20of%20randomised%20trials.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-03-23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.c869%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%2C%201468-5833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Fbmj.c869%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-06T07%3A42%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KKB23IDH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Evans%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-04-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EEvans%20S.%20When%20and%20How%20Can%20Endpoints%20Be%20Changed%20after%20Initiation%20of%20a%20Randomized%20Clinical%20Trial%3F%20PLoS%20Clin%20Trials%20%5BInternet%5D.%202007%20Apr%2013%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B2%284%29%3Ae18.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22When%20and%20How%20Can%20Endpoints%20Be%20Changed%20after%20Initiation%20of%20a%20Randomized%20Clinical%20Trial%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007-4-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pctr.0020018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221555-5887%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1852589%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WJWKBHMQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20the%20choice%20of%20the%20non-inferiority%20margin.%20Statist%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20May%2030%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B25%2810%29%3A1628%26%23×2013%3B38.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20medicinal%20products%20for%20human%20use%20%28CHMP%29%20guideline%20on%20the%20choice%20of%20the%20non-inferiority%20margin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-05-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202776715%2C%2010970258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.2584%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JB8VR9U6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watanabe%20and%20Takahashi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWatanabe%20H%2C%20Takahashi%20K.%20Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials.%20JJB%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B27%28Special_Issue%29%3AS73%26%23×2013%3B7.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiroyuki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenichi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takahashi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5691%5C%2Fjjb.27.S73%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222185-6494%2C%200918-4430%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2262FJT6AS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE%209%20Statistical%20Principles%20for%20Clinical%20Trials.%202006%3B37.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22E%209%20Statistical%20Principles%20for%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224SS8VUP5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schulz%20and%20Grimes%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-05-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESchulz%20KF%2C%20Grimes%20DA.%20Multiplicity%20in%20randomised%20trials%20II%3A%20subgroup%20and%20interim%20analyses.%20Lancet.%202005%20May%207%3B365%289471%29%3A1657%26%23×2013%3B61.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multiplicity%20in%20randomised%20trials%20II%3A%20subgroup%20and%20interim%20analyses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schulz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grimes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Subgroup%20analyses%20can%20pose%20serious%20multiplicity%20concerns.%20By%20testing%20enough%20subgroups%2C%20a%20false-positive%20result%20will%20probably%20emerge%20by%20chance%20alone.%20Investigators%20might%20undertake%20many%20analyses%20but%20only%20report%20the%20significant%20effects%2C%20distorting%20the%20medical%20literature.%20In%20general%2C%20we%20discourage%20subgroup%20analyses.%20However%2C%20if%20they%20are%20necessary%2C%20researchers%20should%20do%20statistical%20tests%20of%20interaction%2C%20rather%20than%20analyse%20every%20separate%20subgroup.%20Investigators%20cannot%20avoid%20interim%20analyses%20when%20data%20monitoring%20is%20indicated.%20However%2C%20repeatedly%20testing%20at%20every%20interim%20raises%20multiplicity%20concerns%2C%20and%20not%20accounting%20for%20multiplicity%20escalates%20the%20false-positive%20error.%20Statistical%20stopping%20methods%20must%20be%20used.%20The%20O%27Brien-Fleming%20and%20Peto%20group%20sequential%20stopping%20methods%20are%20easily%20implemented%20and%20preserve%20the%20intended%20alpha%20level%20and%20power.%20Both%20adopt%20stringent%20criteria%20%28low%20nominal%20p%20values%29%20during%20the%20interim%20analyses.%20Implementing%20a%20trial%20under%20these%20stopping%20rules%20resembles%20a%20conventional%20trial%2C%20with%20the%20exception%20that%20it%20can%20be%20terminated%20early%20should%20a%20treatment%20prove%20greatly%20superior.%20Investigators%20and%20readers%2C%20however%2C%20need%20to%20grasp%20that%20the%20estimated%20treatment%20effects%20are%20prone%20to%20exaggeration%2C%20a%20random%20high%2C%20with%20early%20stopping.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%20May%207-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0140-6736%2805%2966516-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221474-547X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-01-17T10%3A05%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XP5QJ8ZJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-03-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20proprietary%20medicinal%20products%20%28CPMP%29%20points%20to%20consider%20on%20adjustment%20for%20baseline%20covariates.%20Statist%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202004%20Mar%2015%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B23%285%29%3A701%26%23×2013%3B9.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1647%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1647%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20proprietary%20medicinal%20products%20%28CPMP%29%20points%20to%20consider%20on%20adjustment%20for%20baseline%20covariates%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222004-03-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.1647%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2202776715%2C%2010970258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1647%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A53%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FDKI5TNU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ECommittee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29.%20Points%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3A%20%3Ci%3EPoints%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20British%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Pharmacology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202001%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B52%283%29%3A223%26%23×2013%3B8.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3A%20%3Ci%3EPoints%20to%20consider%20on%20switching%20between%20superiority%20and%20non-inferiority%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Committee%20for%20Proprietary%20Medicinal%20Products%20%28CPMP%29%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2203065251%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.wiley.com%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JY4IF826%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Roberts%20and%20Torgerson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-07-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERoberts%20C%2C%20Torgerson%20DJ.%20Baseline%20imbalance%20in%20randomised%20controlled%20trials.%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%201999%20Jul%2017%20%5Bcited%202022%20Feb%2017%5D%3B319%287203%29%3A185.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1116277%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1116277%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Baseline%20imbalance%20in%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roberts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torgerson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999-7-17%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC1116277%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T08%3A59%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224GVZ5KFJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Roberts%20and%20Torgerson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-07-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERoberts%20C%2C%20Torgerson%20DJ.%20Understanding%20controlled%20trials%3A%20baseline%20imbalance%20in%20randomised%20controlled%20trials.%20BMJ.%201999%20Jul%2017%3B319%287203%29%3A185.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20controlled%20trials%3A%20baseline%20imbalance%20in%20randomised%20controlled%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roberts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torgerson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999-07-17%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.319.7203.185%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A13%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229ACSCGYA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22O%27Neill%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EO%26%23×2019%3BNeill%20RT.%20Secondary%20endpoints%20cannot%20be%20validly%20analyzed%20if%20the%20primary%20endpoint%20does%20not%20demonstrate%20clear%20statistical%20significance.%20Controlled%20Clinical%20Trials%20%5BInternet%5D.%201997%20Dec%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20Mar%208%5D%3B18%286%29%3A550%26%23×2013%3B6.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0197245697000755%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0197245697000755%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Secondary%20endpoints%20cannot%20be%20validly%20analyzed%20if%20the%20primary%20endpoint%20does%20not%20demonstrate%20clear%20statistical%20significance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Neill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20is%20lack%20of%20consensus%20surrounding%20the%20interpretation%20of%20observed%20treatment%20effects%20for%20secondary%20clinical%20endpoints%20when%20the%20primary%20endpoint%20for%20which%20the%20clinical%20trial%20was%20initially%20designed%20does%20not%20meet%20the%20objective%20of%20a%20demonstrated%20effect.%20We%20provide%20some%20arguments%20to%20support%20caution%20in%20making%20inferences%20for%20secondary%20endpoints%20in%20this%20situation.%20We%20examine%20the%20definitions%20of%20primary%20and%20secondary%20endpoints%20within%20the%20context%20of%20a%20hypothesis-testing%20framework%20for%20multiple%20endpoints%2C%20and%20we%20address%20the%20relationship%20of%20the%20correlation%20structure%20of%20these%20endpoints%20and%20the%20statistical%20adjustments%20needed%20to%20preserve%20experiment-wise%20type%20I%20error%20for%20a%20valid%20inference.%20We%20also%20address%20the%20hypothesis-testing%20framework%20and%20the%20estimation%20framework%20for%20valid%20inference%2C%20focusing%20on%20the%20interpretation%20of%20p-values%20associated%20with%20differentially%20powered%20hypothesis%20tests%20for%20each%20endpoint%20to%20detect%20an%20important%20clinical%20effect.%20We%20point%20out%20the%20limitations%20on%20the%20strength%20of%20evidence%20%28and%20quantification%20of%20uncertainty%29%20for%20a%20secondary%20endpoint%20effect%20that%20can%20be%20derived%20from%20only%20one%20study%20and%20introduce%20the%20likelihood%20of%20replication%20of%20the%20finding%20in%20another%20study%20of%20identical%20size%20and%20design%20as%20a%20useful%20concept%20to%20guide%20this%20interpretation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201%2C%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0197-2456%2897%2900075-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220197-2456%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0197245697000755%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-08T09%3A42%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K8HY44CL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hawass%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHawass%20NE.%20Comparing%20the%20sensitivities%20and%20specificities%20of%20two%20diagnostic%20procedures%20performed%20on%20the%20same%20group%20of%20patients.%20BJR%20%5BInternet%5D.%201997%20Apr%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jan%2018%5D%3B70%28832%29%3A360%26%23×2013%3B6.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.birpublications.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1259%5C%2Fbjr.70.832.9166071%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.birpublications.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1259%5C%2Fbjr.70.832.9166071%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparing%20the%20sensitivities%20and%20specificities%20of%20two%20diagnostic%20procedures%20performed%20on%20the%20same%20group%20of%20patients.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawass%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Studies%20of%20diagnostic%20accuracy%20are%20the%20most%20commonly%20performed%20diagnostic%20tests.%20These%20are%20carried%20out%20by%20using%20Decision%20Matrix%20tables%20in%20which%20sensitivities%2C%20specificities%2C%20predictive%20values%20and%20other%20ratios%20are%20calculated%20and%20compared.%20Various%20recoverable%20pitfalls%20and%20limitations%20of%20this%20method%20have%20been%20reported.%20This%20study%20reports%20additional%20further%20limitations%20of%20using%20this%20method%20as%20a%20statistical%20analytical%20tool.%20Decision%20protocol%20and%20formulae%20are%20presented%20to%20show%20how%20the%20sensitivities%20and%20specificities%20of%20tests%20are%20compared%20in%20order%20to%20make%20a%20decision.%20The%20study%20also%20shows%20how%20special%20tables%20can%20be%20constructed%20for%20the%20four%20results%20of%20comparative%20diagnostic%20tests%20%28true%20positive%2C%20true%20negative%2C%20false%20positive%20and%20false%20negative%29%2C%20and%20cautions%20against%20the%20use%20of%20some%202%20x%202%20contingency%20tables.%20The%20procedures%20of%20how%20to%20use%20these%20special%20tables%20and%20formulae%20for%20comparing%20sensitivity%20and%20specificity%20and%20deriving%20confidence%20intervals%20for%20their%20difference%20are%20presented.%20It%20is%20also%20shown%20how%20it%20is%20possible%20to%20make%20a%20single%20inference%20from%20diagnostic%20test%20performance%20which%20will%20permit%20the%20determination%20of%20which%20test%20is%20better.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1259%5C%2Fbjr.70.832.9166071%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220007-1285%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.birpublications.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1259%5C%2Fbjr.70.832.9166071%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-01-18T09%3A16%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FCL38RXE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Senn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-09-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESenn%20S.%20Testing%20for%20baseline%20balance%20in%20clinical%20trials.%20Stat%20Med.%201994%20Sep%2015%3B13%2817%29%3A1715%26%23×2013%3B26.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20for%20baseline%20balance%20in%20clinical%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Senn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Once%20the%20data%20from%20a%20clinical%20trial%20are%20available%20for%20analysis%20it%20is%20common%20practice%20to%20carry%20out%20%27tests%20of%20baseline%20homogeneity%27%20on%20prognostic%20covariates%20before%20proceeding%20to%20analyse%20the%20effects%20of%20treatment%20on%20outcome%20variables.%20It%20is%20argued%20that%20this%20practice%20is%20philosophically%20unsound%2C%20of%20no%20practical%20value%20and%20potentially%20misleading.%20Instead%20it%20is%20recommended%20that%20prognostic%20variables%20be%20identified%20in%20the%20trial-plan%20and%20fitted%20in%20an%20analysis%20of%20covariance%20regardless%20of%20their%20baseline%20distribution%20%28statistical%20significance%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994-09-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.4780131703%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220277-6715%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A13%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DX2E2XTD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Senn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESenn%20S.%20Testing%20for%20baseline%20balance%20in%20clinical%20trials.%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%201994%20%5Bcited%202024%20Jul%2023%5D%3B13%2817%29%3A1715%26%23×2013%3B26.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.4780131703%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.4780131703%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20for%20baseline%20balance%20in%20clinical%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Senn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Once%20the%20data%20from%20a%20clinical%20trial%20are%20available%20for%20analysis%20it%20is%20common%20practice%20to%20carry%20out%20%5Cu2018tests%20of%20baseline%20homogeneity%5Cu2019%20on%20prognostic%20covariates%20before%20proceeding%20to%20analyse%20the%20effects%20of%20treatment%20on%20outcome%20variables.%20It%20is%20argued%20that%20this%20practice%20is%20philosophically%20unsound%2C%20of%20no%20practical%20value%20and%20potentially%20misleading.%20Instead%20it%20is%20recommended%20that%20prognostic%20variables%20be%20identified%20in%20the%20trial-plan%20and%20fitted%20in%20an%20analysis%20of%20covariance%20regardless%20of%20their%20baseline%20distribution%20%28statistical%20significance%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.4780131703%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221097-0258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.4780131703%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-23T07%3A17%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HKU9NLPB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Altman%20and%20Schulz%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAltman%20DG%2C%20Schulz%20KF.%20Concealing%20treatment%20allocation%20in%20randomised%20trials.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Concealing%20treatment%20allocation%20in%20randomised%20trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%20F%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schulz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-05T07%3A39%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZY7MH48Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EReporting%20and%20analysis%20of%20trials%20using%20stratified%20randomisation%20in%20leading%20medical%20journals%3A%20review%20and%20reanalysis%20%7C%20The%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F345%5C%2Fbmj.e5840%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F345%5C%2Fbmj.e5840%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reporting%20and%20analysis%20of%20trials%20using%20stratified%20randomisation%20in%20leading%20medical%20journals%3A%20review%20and%20reanalysis%20%7C%20The%20BMJ%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F345%5C%2Fbmj.e5840%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A57%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Billot L, Copas A, Leyrat C, Forbes A, Turner EL. How should a cluster randomized trial be analyzed? Journal of Epidemiology and Population Health [Internet]. 2024 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Aug 22];72(1):202196. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950433324000077
1.
Ahn E, Kang H. Intention-to-treat versus as-treated versus per-protocol approaches to analysis. Korean J Anesthesiol [Internet]. 2023 Dec [cited 2024 Oct 11];76(6):531–9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10718629/
1.
Haslberger M, Gestrich S, Strech D. Reporting of retrospective registration in clinical trial publications: a cross-sectional study of German trials. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2023 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Sep 11];13(4):e069553. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/4/e069553
1.
Phillips R, Cro S, Wheeler G, Bond S, Morris TP, Creanor S, et al. Visualising harms in publications of randomised controlled trials: consensus and recommendations. BMJ [Internet]. 2022 May 16 [cited 2022 May 17];377:e068983. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2021-068983
1.
Liu X, Cruz Rivera S, Moher D, Calvert MJ, Denniston AK. Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension. Nat Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 8];26(9):1364–74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598943/
1.
Mauri L, D’Agostino RB. Challenges in the Design and Interpretation of Noninferiority Trials. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2017 Oct 5 [cited 2023 Oct 10];377(14):1357–67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1510063
1.
Li G, Taljaard M, Van den Heuvel ER, Levine MA, Cook DJ, Wells GA, et al. An introduction to multiplicity issues in clinical trials: the what, why, when and how. International Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];46(2):746–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw320
1.
Kahan BC, Rehal S, Cro S. Risk of selection bias in randomised trials. Trials [Internet]. 2015 Sep 10 [cited 2021 Dec 31];16(1):405. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0920-x
1.
Hemming K, Haines TP, Chilton PJ, Girling AJ, Lilford RJ. The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial: rationale, design, analysis, and reporting. BMJ [Internet]. 2015 Feb 6 [cited 2023 Sep 27];350(feb06 1):h391–h391. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.h391
1.
Knol MJ, Groenwold RHH, Grobbee DE. P-values in baseline tables of randomised controlled trials are inappropriate but still common in high impact journals. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Apr;19(2):231–2.
1.
Hackshaw A, Kirkwood A. Interpreting and reporting clinical trials with results of borderline significance. BMJ [Internet]. 2011 Jul 4 [cited 2022 Aug 12];343:d3340. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d3340
1.
Tangri N, Kitsios GD, Su SH, Kent DM. Accounting for center effects in multicenter trials. Epidemiology. 2010 Nov;21(6):912–3.
1.
Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ [Internet]. 2010 Mar 23 [cited 2022 Oct 6];340(mar23 1):c869–c869. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c869
1.
Evans S. When and How Can Endpoints Be Changed after Initiation of a Randomized Clinical Trial? PLoS Clin Trials [Internet]. 2007 Apr 13 [cited 2021 Dec 31];2(4):e18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852589/
1.
Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP) guideline on the choice of the non-inferiority margin. Statist Med [Internet]. 2006 May 30 [cited 2021 Dec 31];25(10):1628–38. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.2584
1.
Watanabe H, Takahashi K. Points to Consider on Multiplicity Issues in Clinical Trials. JJB [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 Dec 31];27(Special_Issue):S73–7. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjb/27/Special_Issue/27_Special_Issue_S73/_article/-char/ja/
1.
E 9 Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials. 2006;37.
1.
Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Multiplicity in randomised trials II: subgroup and interim analyses. Lancet. 2005 May 7;365(9471):1657–61.
1.
Committee for proprietary medicinal products (CPMP) points to consider on adjustment for baseline covariates. Statist Med [Internet]. 2004 Mar 15 [cited 2021 Dec 31];23(5):701–9. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.1647
1.
Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). Points to consider on switching between superiority and non-inferiority: Points to consider on switching between superiority and non-inferiority. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2021 Dec 31];52(3):223–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x
1.
Roberts C, Torgerson DJ. Baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. BMJ [Internet]. 1999 Jul 17 [cited 2022 Feb 17];319(7203):185. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116277/
1.
Roberts C, Torgerson DJ. Understanding controlled trials: baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 1999 Jul 17;319(7203):185.
1.
O’Neill RT. Secondary endpoints cannot be validly analyzed if the primary endpoint does not demonstrate clear statistical significance. Controlled Clinical Trials [Internet]. 1997 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Mar 8];18(6):550–6. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197245697000755
1.
Hawass NE. Comparing the sensitivities and specificities of two diagnostic procedures performed on the same group of patients. BJR [Internet]. 1997 Apr [cited 2024 Jan 18];70(832):360–6. Available from: https://www.birpublications.org/doi/10.1259/bjr.70.832.9166071
1.
Senn S. Testing for baseline balance in clinical trials. Stat Med. 1994 Sep 15;13(17):1715–26.
1.
Senn S. Testing for baseline balance in clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2024 Jul 23];13(17):1715–26. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sim.4780131703
1.
Altman DG, Schulz KF. Concealing treatment allocation in randomised trials.
1.
Reporting and analysis of trials using stratified randomisation in leading medical journals: review and reanalysis | The BMJ [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 31]. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5840
Reporting
8915996
QS732GLL
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22RVVPP8S7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ELiu%20X%2C%20Cruz%20Rivera%20S%2C%20Moher%20D%2C%20Calvert%20MJ%2C%20Denniston%20AK.%20Reporting%20guidelines%20for%20clinical%20trial%20reports%20for%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%3A%20the%20CONSORT-AI%20extension.%20Nat%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202020%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jun%208%5D%3B26%289%29%3A1364%26%23×2013%3B74.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reporting%20guidelines%20for%20clinical%20trial%20reports%20for%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%3A%20the%20CONSORT-AI%20extension%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaoxuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samantha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cruz%20Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melanie%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calvert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alastair%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denniston%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20CONSORT%202010%20statement%20provides%20minimum%20guidelines%20for%20reporting%20randomized%20trials.%20Its%20widespread%20use%20has%20been%20instrumental%20in%20ensuring%20transparency%20in%20the%20evaluation%20of%20new%20interventions.%20More%20recently%2C%20there%20has%20been%20a%20growing%20recognition%20that%20interventions%20involving%20artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29%20need%20to%20undergo%20rigorous%2C%20prospective%20evaluation%20to%20demonstrate%20impact%20on%20health%20outcomes.%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20%28Consolidated%20Standards%20of%20Reporting%20Trials%5Cu2013Artificial%20Intelligence%29%20extension%20is%20a%20new%20reporting%20guideline%20for%20clinical%20trials%20evaluating%20interventions%20with%20an%20AI%20component.%20It%20was%20developed%20in%20parallel%20with%20its%20companion%20statement%20for%20clinical%20trial%20protocols%3A%20SPIRIT-AI%20%28Standard%20Protocol%20Items%3A%20Recommendations%20for%20Interventional%20Trials%5Cu2013Artificial%20Intelligence%29.%20Both%20guidelines%20were%20developed%20through%20a%20staged%20consensus%20process%20involving%20literature%20review%20and%20expert%20consultation%20to%20generate%2029%20candidate%20items%2C%20which%20were%20assessed%20by%20an%20international%20multi-stakeholder%20group%20in%20a%20two-stage%20Delphi%20survey%20%28103%20stakeholders%29%2C%20agreed%20upon%20in%20a%20two-day%20consensus%20meeting%20%2831%20stakeholders%29%20and%20refined%20through%20a%20checklist%20pilot%20%2834%20participants%29.%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20extension%20includes%2014%20new%20items%20that%20were%20considered%20sufficiently%20important%20for%20AI%20interventions%20that%20they%20should%20be%20routinely%20reported%20in%20addition%20to%20the%20core%20CONSORT%202010%20items.%20CONSORT-AI%20recommends%20that%20investigators%20provide%20clear%20descriptions%20of%20the%20AI%20intervention%2C%20including%20instructions%20and%20skills%20required%20for%20use%2C%20the%20setting%20in%20which%20the%20AI%20intervention%20is%20integrated%2C%20the%20handling%20of%20inputs%20and%20outputs%20of%20the%20AI%20intervention%2C%20the%20human%5Cu2013AI%20interaction%20and%20provision%20of%20an%20analysis%20of%20error%20cases.%20CONSORT-AI%20will%20help%20promote%20transparency%20and%20completeness%20in%20reporting%20clinical%20trials%20for%20AI%20interventions.%20It%20will%20assist%20editors%20and%20peer%20reviewers%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20general%20readership%2C%20to%20understand%2C%20interpret%20and%20critically%20appraise%20the%20quality%20of%20clinical%20trial%20design%20and%20risk%20of%20bias%20in%20the%20reported%20outcomes.%2C%20The%20CONSORT-AI%20and%20SPIRIT-AI%20extensions%20improve%20the%20transparency%20of%20clinical%20trial%20design%20and%20trial%20protocol%20reporting%20for%20artificial%20intelligence%20interventions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41591-020-1034-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221078-8956%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7598943%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22QS732GLL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T10%3A56%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JC8NIQ2B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3E%26%23×2018%3BSpin%26%23×2019%3B%20found%20in%20over%20half%20of%20clinical%20trial%20abstracts%20published%20in%20top%20psychiatry%20journals%20%7C%20BMJ%20%5BInternet%5D.%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jan%2012%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcompany%5C%2Fnewsroom%5C%2Fspin-found-in-over-half-of-clinical-trial-abstracts-published-in-top-psychiatry-journals%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcompany%5C%2Fnewsroom%5C%2Fspin-found-in-over-half-of-clinical-trial-abstracts-published-in-top-psychiatry-journals%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5Cu2018Spin%5Cu2019%20found%20in%20over%20half%20of%20clinical%20trial%20abstracts%20published%20in%20top%20psychiatry%20journals%20%7C%20BMJ%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Findings%20raise%20concerns%20about%20potential%20impact%20on%20doctors%5Cu2019%20treatment%20decisions%20%5Cu2018Spin%5Cu2019–exaggerating%20the%20clinical%20significance%20of%20a%20particular%20treatment%20without%20the%20statistics%20to%20back%20it%20up–is%20apparent%20in%20more%20than%20half%20of%20clinical%20trial%20abstracts%20published%20in%20top%20psychology%20and%20psychiatry%20journals%2C%20finds%20a%20review%20of%20relevant%20research%20in%20BMJ%20Evidence%20Based%20Medicine.%20The%20findings%20raise%20%5B%5Cu2026%5D%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bmj.com%5C%2Fcompany%5C%2Fnewsroom%5C%2Fspin-found-in-over-half-of-clinical-trial-abstracts-published-in-top-psychiatry-journals%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QS732GLL%22%2C%22SQRMJF2U%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T10%3A56%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZB6SNT64%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Westreich%20Daniel%2C%20Greenland%20Sander%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWestreich%20Daniel%2C%20Greenland%20Sander.%20The%20Table%202%20Fallacy%3A%20Presenting%20and%20Interpreting%20Confounder%20and%20Modifier%20Coefficients.%20American%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology.%20177%284%29%3A292%26%23×2013%3B8.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Table%202%20Fallacy%3A%20Presenting%20and%20Interpreting%20Confounder%20and%20Modifier%20Coefficients%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westreich%20Daniel%2C%20Greenland%20Sander%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QS732GLL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T09%3A00%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Liu X, Cruz Rivera S, Moher D, Calvert MJ, Denniston AK. Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension. Nat Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 8];26(9):1364–74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598943/
1.
‘Spin’ found in over half of clinical trial abstracts published in top psychiatry journals | BMJ [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/spin-found-in-over-half-of-clinical-trial-abstracts-published-in-top-psychiatry-journals/
1.
Westreich Daniel, Greenland Sander. The Table 2 Fallacy: Presenting and Interpreting Confounder and Modifier Coefficients. American Journal of Epidemiology. 177(4):292–8.
Statistical inference
8915996
PWZKG63X
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22VS6ZNZMA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWhy%20Most%20Published%20Research%20Findings%20Are%20False.%20In%3A%20Wikipedia%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jan%208%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fen.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWhy_Most_Published_Research_Findings_Are_False%26oldid%3D1058887399%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fen.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWhy_Most_Published_Research_Findings_Are_False%26oldid%3D1058887399%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22encyclopediaArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Why%20Most%20Published%20Research%20Findings%20Are%20False%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5C%22Why%20Most%20Published%20Research%20Findings%20Are%20False%5C%22%20is%20a%202005%20essay%20written%20by%20John%20Ioannidis%2C%20a%20professor%20at%20the%20Stanford%20School%20of%20Medicine%2C%20and%20published%20in%20PLOS%20Medicine.%20It%20is%20considered%20foundational%20to%20the%20field%20of%20metascience.%20%20%5CnIn%20the%20paper%2C%20Ioannidis%20argued%20that%20a%20large%20number%2C%20if%20not%20the%20majority%2C%20of%20published%20medical%20research%20papers%20contain%20results%20that%20cannot%20be%20replicated.%20In%20simple%20terms%2C%20the%20essay%20states%20that%20scientists%20use%20hypothesis%20testing%20to%20determine%20whether%20scientific%20discoveries%20are%20significant.%20%5C%22Significance%5C%22%20is%20formalized%20in%20terms%20of%20probability%20and%20one%20formalized%20calculation%20%28%5C%22P%20value%5C%22%29%20is%20reported%20in%20the%20scientific%20literature%20as%20a%20screening%20mechanism.%20Ioannidis%20posited%20assumptions%20about%20the%20way%20people%20perform%20and%20report%20these%20tests%3B%20then%20he%20constructed%20a%20statistical%20model%20which%20indicates%20that%20most%20published%20findings%20are%20false%20positive%20results.%22%2C%22encyclopediaTitle%22%3A%22Wikipedia%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-12-06T04%3A58%3A37Z%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fen.wikipedia.org%5C%2Fw%5C%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWhy_Most_Published_Research_Findings_Are_False%26oldid%3D1058887399%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-08T20%3A10%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CRWIG9Z9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EASA%20President%26%23×2019%3Bs%20Task%20Force%20Statement%20on%20Statistical%20Significance%20and%20Replicability%20%7C%20Amstat%20News%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20%5Bcited%202023%20Oct%2018%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmagazine.amstat.org%5C%2Fblog%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Ftask-force-statement-p-value%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmagazine.amstat.org%5C%2Fblog%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Ftask-force-statement-p-value%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ASA%20President%5Cu2019s%20Task%20Force%20Statement%20on%20Statistical%20Significance%20and%20Replicability%20%7C%20Amstat%20News%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20value%20of%20hypothesis%20testing%2C%20and%20the%20frequent%20misinterpretation%20of%20p-values%20as%20a%20cornerstone%20of%20statistical%20methodology%2C%20continues%20to%20be%20debated.%20In%202019%2C%20the%20president%20of%20the%20American%20Statistical%20Association%2C%20Karen%20Kafadar%2C%20convened%20a%20task%20force%20to%20consider%20the%20use%20of%20statistical%20methods%20in%20scientific%20studies%2C%20specifically%20hypothesis%20tests%20and%20p-values%2C%20and%20their%20connection%20to%20replicability.%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-08-01T14%3A00%3A01%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmagazine.amstat.org%5C%2Fblog%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Ftask-force-statement-p-value%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-18T08%3A51%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NE84GKVX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-08-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EZhang%20Y%2C%20Hedo%20R%2C%20Rivera%20A%2C%20Rull%20R%2C%20Richardson%20S%2C%20Tu%20XM.%20Post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%3A%20is%20it%20an%20informative%20and%20meaningful%20analysis%3F%20Gen%20Psychiatr%20%5BInternet%5D.%202019%20Aug%208%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jun%2027%5D%3B32%284%29%3Ae100069.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%3A%20is%20it%20an%20informative%20and%20meaningful%20analysis%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yiran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hedo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rudolph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rull%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sabrina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xin%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Power%20analysis%20is%20a%20key%20component%20for%20planning%20prospective%20studies%20such%20as%20clinical%20trials.%20However%2C%20some%20journals%20in%20biomedical%20and%20psychosocial%20sciences%20ask%20for%20power%20analysis%20for%20data%20already%20collected%20and%20analysed%20before%20accepting%20manuscripts%20for%20publication.%20In%20this%20report%2C%20post%20hoc%20power%20analysis%20for%20retrospective%20studies%20is%20examined%20and%20the%20informativeness%20of%20understanding%20the%20power%20for%20detecting%20significant%20effects%20of%20the%20results%20analysed%2C%20using%20the%20same%20data%20on%20which%20the%20power%20analysis%20is%20based%2C%20is%20scrutinised.%20Monte%20Carlo%20simulation%20is%20used%20to%20investigate%20the%20performance%20of%20posthoc%20power%20analysis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-8-8%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fgpsych-2019-100069%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222517-729X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC6738696%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22ND6C2YKD%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-27T06%3A25%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2259UTKB8N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mittal%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMittal%20N%2C%20Bhandari%20M%2C%20Kumbhare%20D.%20A%20Tale%20of%20Confusion%20From%20Overlapping%20Confidence%20Intervals.%20Am%20J%20Phys%20Med%20Rehabil.%202019%20Jan%3B98%281%29%3A81%26%23×2013%3B3.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Tale%20of%20Confusion%20From%20Overlapping%20Confidence%20Intervals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nimish%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mittal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bhandari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dinesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumbhare%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20clinical%20research%20presentations%2C%20study%20results%20are%20commonly%20reported%20in%20the%20form%20of%20P%20values%20and%20confidence%20intervals%20as%20an%20estimate%20of%20association%20and%20treatment%20effect.%20The%20interpretation%20of%20confidence%20intervals%20that%20overlap%20can%20be%20confusing%20and%20difficult%20for%20the%20reader%20to%20draw%20clinically%20meaningful%20conclusions.%20In%20this%20brief%20report%2C%20we%20describe%20the%20basics%20of%20confidence%20intervals%20and%20present%20an%20example%20from%20a%20recently%20published%20randomized%20control%20trial%20to%20illustrate%20a%20common%20confusion%20that%20overlapping%20confidence%20intervals%20between%20the%20means%20of%20two%20independent%20groups%20may%20not%20necessarily%20reject%20the%20true%20significant%20difference%20of%20effect.%20It%20is%20recommended%20that%20investigators%20use%20the%20direct%20difference%20of%20means%20between%20groups%20for%20confidence%20interval%20estimation%20to%20reduce%20type%20II%20errors.%20Clinicians%20should%20interpret%20overlapping%20confidence%20intervals%20with%20caution%20and%20avoid%20the%20assumption%20that%20overlapping%20confidence%20intervals%20always%20implies%20a%20lack%20of%20difference%20of%20treatment%20effect%20to%20decide%20application%20of%20treatment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1097%5C%2FPHM.0000000000001016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221537-7385%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-08T06%3A38%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ADMFJ2AR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schober%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESchober%20P%2C%20Bossers%20SM%2C%20Schwarte%20LA.%20Statistical%20Significance%20Versus%20Clinical%20Importance%20of%20Observed%20Effect%20Sizes%3A%20What%20Do%20P%20Values%20and%20Confidence%20Intervals%20Really%20Represent%3F%20Anesth%20Analg%20%5BInternet%5D.%202018%20Mar%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%209%5D%3B126%283%29%3A1068%26%23×2013%3B72.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5811238%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5811238%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20Significance%20Versus%20Clinical%20Importance%20of%20Observed%20Effect%20Sizes%3A%20What%20Do%20P%20Values%20and%20Confidence%20Intervals%20Really%20Represent%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schober%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sebastiaan%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bossers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lothar%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwarte%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Effect%20size%20measures%20are%20used%20to%20quantify%20treatment%20effects%20or%20associations%20between%20variables.%20Such%20measures%2C%20of%20which%20%3E70%20have%20been%20described%20in%20the%20literature%2C%20include%20unstandardized%20and%20standardized%20differences%20in%20means%2C%20risk%20differences%2C%20risk%20ratios%2C%20odds%20ratios%2C%20or%20correlations.%20While%20null%20hypothesis%20significance%20testing%20is%20the%20predominant%20approach%20to%20statistical%20inference%20on%20effect%20sizes%2C%20results%20of%20such%20tests%20are%20often%20misinterpreted%2C%20provide%20no%20information%20on%20the%20magnitude%20of%20the%20estimate%2C%20and%20tell%20us%20nothing%20about%20the%20clinically%20importance%20of%20an%20effect.%20Hence%2C%20researchers%20should%20not%20merely%20focus%20on%20statistical%20significance%20but%20should%20also%20report%20the%20observed%20effect%20size.%20However%2C%20all%20samples%20are%20to%20some%20degree%20affected%20by%20randomness%2C%20such%20that%20there%20is%20a%20certain%20uncertainty%20on%20how%20well%20the%20observed%20effect%20size%20represents%20the%20actual%20magnitude%20and%20direction%20of%20the%20effect%20in%20the%20population.%20Therefore%2C%20point%20estimates%20of%20effect%20sizes%20should%20be%20accompanied%20by%20the%20entire%20range%20of%20plausible%20values%20to%20quantify%20this%20uncertainty.%20This%20facilitates%20assessment%20of%20how%20large%20or%20small%20the%20observed%20effect%20could%20actually%20be%20in%20the%20population%20of%20interest%2C%20and%20hence%20how%20clinically%20important%20it%20could%20be.%20This%20tutorial%20reviews%20different%20effect%20size%20measures%20and%20describes%20how%20confidence%20intervals%20can%20be%20used%20to%20address%20not%20only%20the%20statistical%20significance%20but%20also%20the%20clinical%20significance%20of%20the%20observed%20effect%20or%20association.%20Moreover%2C%20we%20discuss%20what%20P%20values%20actually%20represent%2C%20and%20how%20they%20provide%20supplemental%20information%20about%20the%20significant%20versus%20nonsignificant%20dichotomy.%20This%20tutorial%20intentionally%20focuses%20on%20an%20intuitive%20explanation%20of%20concepts%20and%20interpretation%20of%20results%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20the%20underlying%20mathematical%20theory%20or%20concepts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-3%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1213%5C%2FANE.0000000000002798%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-2999%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC5811238%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-09T07%3A34%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SS54PLW6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goodman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-06-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGoodman%20SN.%20Aligning%20statistical%20and%20scientific%20reasoning.%20Science%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20Jun%203%20%5Bcited%202023%20Jan%2027%5D%3B352%286290%29%3A1180%26%23×2013%3B1.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.aaf5406%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.aaf5406%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Aligning%20statistical%20and%20scientific%20reasoning%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-06-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.aaf5406%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.aaf5406%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22TJGITEBI%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T14%3A49%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2289Y4IHRV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ronald%20L.%20Wasserstein%20and%20Nicole%20A.%20Lazar%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-04-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERonald%20L.%20Wasserstein%2C%20Nicole%20A.%20Lazar.%20The%20ASA%20Statement%20on%20p-Values%3A%20Context%2C%20Process%2C%20and%20Purpose.%20The%20American%20Statistician%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20Apr%202%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B70%282%29%3A129%26%23×2013%3B33.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F00031305.2016.1154108%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F00031305.2016.1154108%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20ASA%20Statement%20on%20p-Values%3A%20Context%2C%20Process%2C%20and%20Purpose%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Ronald%20L.%20Wasserstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Nicole%20A.%20Lazar%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22April%202%2C%202016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F00031305.2016.1154108%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-1305%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F00031305.2016.1154108%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-04T10%3A42%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z6224SU8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Greenland%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EGreenland%20S%2C%20Senn%20SJ%2C%20Rothman%20KJ%2C%20Carlin%20JB%2C%20Poole%20C%2C%20Goodman%20SN%2C%20et%20al.%20Statistical%20tests%2C%20P%20values%2C%20confidence%20intervals%2C%20and%20power%3A%20a%20guide%20to%20misinterpretations.%20Eur%20J%20Epidemiol%20%5BInternet%5D.%202016%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B31%284%29%3A337%26%23×2013%3B50.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10654-016-0149-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10654-016-0149-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20tests%2C%20P%20values%2C%20confidence%20intervals%2C%20and%20power%3A%20a%20guide%20to%20misinterpretations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sander%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Senn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenneth%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rothman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Misinterpretation%20and%20abuse%20of%20statistical%20tests%2C%20confidence%20intervals%2C%20and%20statistical%20power%20have%20been%20decried%20for%20decades%2C%20yet%20remain%20rampant.%20A%20key%20problem%20is%20that%20there%20are%20no%20interpretations%20of%20these%20concepts%20that%20are%20at%20once%20simple%2C%20intuitive%2C%20correct%2C%20and%20foolproof.%20Instead%2C%20correct%20use%20and%20interpretation%20of%20these%20statistics%20requires%20an%20attention%20to%20detail%20which%20seems%20to%20tax%20the%20patience%20of%20working%20scientists.%20This%20high%20cognitive%20demand%20has%20led%20to%20an%20epidemic%20of%20shortcut%20definitions%20and%20interpretations%20that%20are%20simply%20wrong%2C%20sometimes%20disastrously%20so%5Cu2014and%20yet%20these%20misinterpretations%20dominate%20much%20of%20the%20scientific%20literature.%20In%20light%20of%20this%20problem%2C%20we%20provide%20definitions%20and%20a%20discussion%20of%20basic%20statistics%20that%20are%20more%20general%20and%20critical%20than%20typically%20found%20in%20traditional%20introductory%20expositions.%20Our%20goal%20is%20to%20provide%20a%20resource%20for%20instructors%2C%20researchers%2C%20and%20consumers%20of%20statistics%20whose%20knowledge%20of%20statistical%20theory%20and%20technique%20may%20be%20limited%20but%20who%20wish%20to%20avoid%20and%20spot%20misinterpretations.%20We%20emphasize%20how%20violation%20of%20often%20unstated%20analysis%20protocols%20%28such%20as%20selecting%20analyses%20for%20presentation%20based%20on%20the%20P%20values%20they%20produce%29%20can%20lead%20to%20small%20P%20values%20even%20if%20the%20declared%20test%20hypothesis%20is%20correct%2C%20and%20can%20lead%20to%20large%20P%20values%20even%20if%20that%20hypothesis%20is%20incorrect.%20We%20then%20provide%20an%20explanatory%20list%20of%2025%20misinterpretations%20of%20P%20values%2C%20confidence%20intervals%2C%20and%20power.%20We%20conclude%20with%20guidelines%20for%20improving%20statistical%20interpretation%20and%20reporting.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016-04-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10654-016-0149-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-7284%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10654-016-0149-3%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A14%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YHJZYQAZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Perezgonzalez%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPerezgonzalez%20JD.%20Fisher%2C%20Neyman-Pearson%20or%20NHST%3F%20A%20tutorial%20for%20teaching%20data%20testing.%20Front%20Psychol.%202015%3B6%3A223.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fisher%2C%20Neyman-Pearson%20or%20NHST%3F%20A%20tutorial%20for%20teaching%20data%20testing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jose%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perezgonzalez%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Despite%20frequent%20calls%20for%20the%20overhaul%20of%20null%20hypothesis%20significance%20testing%20%28NHST%29%2C%20this%20controversial%20procedure%20remains%20ubiquitous%20in%20behavioral%2C%20social%20and%20biomedical%20teaching%20and%20research.%20Little%20change%20seems%20possible%20once%20the%20procedure%20becomes%20well%20ingrained%20in%20the%20minds%20and%20current%20practice%20of%20researchers%3B%20thus%2C%20the%20optimal%20opportunity%20for%20such%20change%20is%20at%20the%20time%20the%20procedure%20is%20taught%2C%20be%20this%20at%20undergraduate%20or%20at%20postgraduate%20levels.%20This%20paper%20presents%20a%20tutorial%20for%20the%20teaching%20of%20data%20testing%20procedures%2C%20often%20referred%20to%20as%20hypothesis%20testing%20theories.%20The%20first%20procedure%20introduced%20is%20Fisher%27s%20approach%20to%20data%20testing-tests%20of%20significance%3B%20the%20second%20is%20Neyman-Pearson%27s%20approach-tests%20of%20acceptance%3B%20the%20final%20procedure%20is%20the%20incongruent%20combination%20of%20the%20previous%20two%20theories%20into%20the%20current%20approach-NSHT.%20For%20those%20researchers%20sticking%20with%20the%20latter%2C%20two%20compromise%20solutions%20on%20how%20to%20improve%20NHST%20conclude%20the%20tutorial.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffpsyg.2015.00223%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-1078%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T07%3A00%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TAFZ5S9Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rasch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-02-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERasch%20D%2C%20Kubinger%20KD%2C%20Moder%20K.%20The%20two-sample%20t%20test%3A%20pre-testing%20its%20assumptions%20does%20not%20pay%20off.%20Stat%20Papers%20%5BInternet%5D.%202011%20Feb%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20May%2011%5D%3B52%281%29%3A219%26%23×2013%3B31.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00362-009-0224-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00362-009-0224-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20two-sample%20t%20test%3A%20pre-testing%20its%20assumptions%20does%20not%20pay%20off%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dieter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Klaus%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kubinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moder%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Traditionally%2C%20when%20applying%20the%20two-sample%20t%20test%2C%20some%20pre-testing%20occurs.%20That%20is%2C%20the%20theory-based%20assumptions%20of%20normal%20distributions%20as%20well%20as%20of%20homogeneity%20of%20the%20variances%20are%20often%20tested%20in%20applied%20sciences%20in%20advance%20of%20the%20tried-for%20t%20test.%20But%20this%20paper%20shows%20that%20such%20pre-testing%20leads%20to%20unknown%20final%20type-I-%20and%20type-II-risks%20if%20the%20respective%20statistical%20tests%20are%20performed%20using%20the%20same%20set%20of%20observations.%20In%20order%20to%20get%20an%20impression%20of%20the%20extension%20of%20the%20resulting%20misinterpreted%20risks%2C%20some%20theoretical%20deductions%20are%20given%20and%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20a%20systematic%20simulation%20study%20is%20done.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20we%20propose%20that%20it%20is%20preferable%20to%20apply%20no%20pre-tests%20for%20the%20t%20test%20and%20no%20t%20test%20at%20all%2C%20but%20instead%20to%20use%20the%20Welch-test%20as%20a%20standard%20test%3A%20its%20power%20comes%20close%20to%20that%20of%20the%20t%20test%20when%20the%20variances%20are%20homogeneous%2C%20and%20for%20unequal%20variances%20and%20skewness%20values%20%7C%5Cu03b31%7C%20%3C%203%2C%20it%20keeps%20the%20so%20called%2020%25%20robustness%20whereas%20the%20t%20test%20as%20well%20as%20Wilcoxon%5Cu2019s%20U%20test%20cannot%20be%20recommended%20for%20most%20cases.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011-02-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00362-009-0224-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221613-9798%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00362-009-0224-x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-05-11T06%3A06%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PC9TZM5M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pearl%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPearl%20J.%20Causal%20inference%20in%20statistics%3A%20An%20overview.%20Statist%20Surv%20%5BInternet%5D.%202009%20Jan%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20Jul%2013%5D%3B3%28none%29.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistics-surveys%5C%2Fvolume-3%5C%2Fissue-none%5C%2FCausal-inference-in-statistics-An-overview%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F09-SS057.full%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistics-surveys%5C%2Fvolume-3%5C%2Fissue-none%5C%2FCausal-inference-in-statistics-An-overview%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F09-SS057.full%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Causal%20inference%20in%20statistics%3A%20An%20overview%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pearl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20review%20presents%20empirical%20researchers%20with%20recent%20advances%20in%20causal%20inference%2C%20and%20stresses%20the%20paradigmatic%20shifts%20that%20must%20be%20undertaken%20in%20moving%20from%20traditional%20statistical%20analysis%20to%20causal%20analysis%20of%20multivariate%20data.%20Special%20emphasis%20is%20placed%20on%20the%20assumptions%20that%20underly%20all%20causal%20inferences%2C%20the%20languages%20used%20in%20formulating%20those%20assumptions%2C%20the%20conditional%20nature%20of%20all%20causal%20and%20counterfactual%20claims%2C%20and%20the%20methods%20that%20have%20been%20developed%20for%20the%20assessment%20of%20such%20claims.%20These%20advances%20are%20illustrated%20using%20a%20general%20theory%20of%20causation%20based%20on%20the%20Structural%20Causal%20Model%20%28SCM%29%20described%20in%20Pearl%20%282000a%29%2C%20which%20subsumes%20and%20uni%5Cufb01es%20other%20approaches%20to%20causation%2C%20and%20provides%20a%20coherent%20mathematical%20foundation%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20causes%20and%20counterfactuals.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20paper%20surveys%20the%20development%20of%20mathematical%20tools%20for%20inferring%20%28from%20a%20combination%20of%20data%20and%20assumptions%29%20answers%20to%20three%20types%20of%20causal%20queries%3A%20%281%29%20queries%20about%20the%20e%5Cufb00ects%20of%20potential%20interventions%2C%20%28also%20called%20%5Cu201ccausal%20e%5Cufb00ects%5Cu201d%20or%20%5Cu201cpolicy%20evaluation%5Cu201d%29%20%282%29%20queries%20about%20probabilities%20of%20counterfactuals%2C%20%28including%20assessment%20of%20%5Cu201cregret%2C%5Cu201d%20%5Cu201cattribution%5Cu201d%20or%20%5Cu201ccauses%20of%20e%5Cufb00ects%5Cu201d%29%20and%20%283%29%20queries%20about%20direct%20and%20indirect%20e%5Cufb00ects%20%28also%20known%20as%20%5Cu201cmediation%5Cu201d%29.%20Finally%2C%20the%20paper%20de%5Cufb01nes%20the%20formal%20and%20conceptual%20relationships%20between%20the%20structural%20and%20potential-outcome%20frameworks%20and%20presents%20tools%20for%20a%20symbiotic%20analysis%20that%20uses%20the%20strong%20features%20of%20both.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-1-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1214%5C%2F09-SS057%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221935-7516%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fprojecteuclid.org%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fstatistics-surveys%5C%2Fvolume-3%5C%2Fissue-none%5C%2FCausal-inference-in-statistics-An-overview%5C%2F10.1214%5C%2F09-SS057.full%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T07%3A10%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V89ZDIY4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lombardi%20and%20Hurlbert%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ELombardi%20CM%2C%20Hurlbert%20SH.%20Misprescription%20and%20misuse%20of%20one-tailed%20tests.%20Austral%20Ecology%20%5BInternet%5D.%202009%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B34%284%29%3A447%26%23×2013%3B68.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.2009.01946.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.2009.01946.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Misprescription%20and%20misuse%20of%20one-tailed%20tests%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Celia%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lombardi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stuart%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hurlbert%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22One-tailed%20statistical%20tests%20are%20often%20used%20in%20ecology%2C%20animal%20behaviour%20and%20in%20most%20other%20fields%20in%20the%20biological%20and%20social%20sciences.%20Here%20we%20review%20the%20frequency%20of%20their%20use%20in%20the%201989%20and%202005%20volumes%20of%20two%20journals%20%28Animal%20Behaviour%20and%20Oecologia%29%2C%20their%20advantages%20and%20disadvantages%2C%20the%20extensive%20erroneous%20advice%20on%20them%20in%20both%20older%20and%20modern%20statistics%20texts%20and%20their%20utility%20in%20certain%20narrow%20areas%20of%20applied%20research.%20Of%20those%20articles%20with%20data%20sets%20susceptible%20to%20one-tailed%20tests%2C%20at%20least%2024%25%20in%20Animal%20Behaviour%20and%20at%20least%2013%25%20in%20Oecologia%20used%20one-tailed%20tests%20at%20least%20once.%20They%20were%20used%2035%25%20more%20frequently%20with%20nonparametric%20methods%20than%20with%20parametric%20ones%20and%20about%20twice%20as%20often%20in%201989%20as%20in%202005.%20Debate%20in%20the%20psychological%20literature%20of%20the%201950s%20established%20the%20logical%20criterion%20that%20one-tailed%20tests%20should%20be%20restricted%20to%20situations%20where%20there%20is%20interest%20only%20in%20results%20in%20one%20direction.%20%5Cu2018Interest%5Cu2019%20should%20be%20defined%3B%20however%2C%20in%20terms%20of%20collective%20or%20societal%20interest%20and%20not%20by%20the%20individual%20investigator.%20By%20this%20%5Cu2018collective%20interest%5Cu2019%20criterion%2C%20all%20uses%20of%20one-tailed%20tests%20in%20the%20journals%20surveyed%20seem%20invalid.%20In%20his%20book%20Nonparametric%20Statistics%2C%20S.%20Siegel%20unrelentingly%20suggested%20the%20use%20of%20one-tailed%20tests%20whenever%20the%20investigator%20predicts%20the%20direction%20of%20a%20result.%20That%20work%20has%20been%20a%20major%20proximate%20source%20of%20confusion%20on%20this%20issue%2C%20but%20so%20are%20most%20recent%20statistics%20textbooks.%20The%20utility%20of%20one-tailed%20tests%20in%20research%20aimed%20at%20obtaining%20regulatory%20approval%20of%20new%20drugs%20and%20new%20pesticides%20is%20briefly%20described%2C%20to%20exemplify%20the%20narrow%20range%20of%20research%20situations%20where%20such%20tests%20can%20be%20appropriate.%20These%20situations%20are%20characterized%20by%20null%20hypotheses%20stating%20that%20the%20difference%20or%20effect%20size%20does%20not%20exceed%2C%20or%20is%20at%20least%20as%20great%20as%2C%20some%20%5Cu2018amount%20of%20practical%20interest%5Cu2019.%20One-tailed%20tests%20rarely%20should%20be%20used%20for%20basic%20or%20applied%20research%20in%20ecology%2C%20animal%20behaviour%20or%20any%20other%20science.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.2009.01946.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221442-9993%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1442-9993.2009.01946.x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A12%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JB8VR9U6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Watanabe%20and%20Takahashi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EWatanabe%20H%2C%20Takahashi%20K.%20Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials.%20JJB%20%5BInternet%5D.%202006%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B27%28Special_Issue%29%3AS73%26%23×2013%3B7.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Points%20to%20Consider%20on%20Multiplicity%20Issues%20in%20Clinical%20Trials%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiroyuki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kenichi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Takahashi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5691%5C%2Fjjb.27.S73%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222185-6494%2C%200918-4430%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fjjb%5C%2F27%5C%2FSpecial_Issue%5C%2F27_Special_Issue_S73%5C%2F_article%5C%2F-char%5C%2Fja%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228MC8XPHT%22%2C%22PWZKG63X%22%2C%22ZP285EJG%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M39IA2VY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Spiegelhalter%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESpiegelhalter%20DJ.%20Funnel%20plots%20for%20comparing%20institutional%20performance.%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine%20%5BInternet%5D.%202005%20%5Bcited%202022%20Apr%2027%5D%3B24%288%29%3A1185%26%23×2013%3B202.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1970%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1970%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Funnel%20plots%20for%20comparing%20institutional%20performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spiegelhalter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5Cu2018Funnel%20plots%5Cu2019%20are%20recommended%20as%20a%20graphical%20aid%20for%20institutional%20comparisons%2C%20in%20which%20an%20estimate%20of%20an%20underlying%20quantity%20is%20plotted%20against%20an%20interpretable%20measure%20of%20its%20precision.%20%5Cu2018Control%20limits%5Cu2019%20form%20a%20funnel%20around%20the%20target%20outcome%2C%20in%20a%20close%20analogy%20to%20standard%20Shewhart%20control%20charts.%20Examples%20are%20given%20for%20comparing%20proportions%20and%20changes%20in%20rates%2C%20assessing%20association%20between%20outcome%20and%20volume%20of%20cases%2C%20and%20dealing%20with%20over-dispersion%20due%20to%20unmeasured%20risk%20factors.%20We%20conclude%20that%20funnel%20plots%20are%20flexible%2C%20attractively%20simple%2C%20and%20avoid%20spurious%20ranking%20of%20institutions%20into%20%5Cu2018league%20tables%5Cu2019.%20Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%202004%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons%2C%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fsim.1970%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221097-0258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fsim.1970%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-27T11%3A09%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HUMEQFT8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bender%20and%20Lange%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBender%20R%2C%20Lange%20S.%20Adjusting%20for%20multiple%20testing–when%20and%20how%3F%20J%20Clin%20Epidemiol.%202001%20Apr%3B54%284%29%3A343%26%23×2013%3B9.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Adjusting%20for%20multiple%20testing–when%20and%20how%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bender%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Multiplicity%20of%20data%2C%20hypotheses%2C%20and%20analyses%20is%20a%20common%20problem%20in%20biomedical%20and%20epidemiological%20research.%20Multiple%20testing%20theory%20provides%20a%20framework%20for%20defining%20and%20controlling%20appropriate%20error%20rates%20in%20order%20to%20protect%20against%20wrong%20conclusions.%20However%2C%20the%20corresponding%20multiple%20test%20procedures%20are%20underutilized%20in%20biomedical%20and%20epidemiological%20research.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20the%20existing%20multiple%20test%20procedures%20are%20summarized%20for%20the%20most%20important%20multiplicity%20situations.%20It%20is%20emphasized%20that%20adjustments%20for%20multiple%20testing%20are%20required%20in%20confirmatory%20studies%20whenever%20results%20from%20multiple%20tests%20have%20to%20be%20combined%20in%20one%20final%20conclusion%20and%20decision.%20In%20case%20of%20multiple%20significance%20tests%20a%20note%20on%20the%20error%20rate%20that%20will%20be%20controlled%20for%20is%20desirable.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0895-4356%2800%2900314-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220895-4356%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A59%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KVS7XI6L%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vandenbroucke%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EVandenbroucke%20JP.%20In%20Defense%20of%20Case%20Reports%20and%20Case%20Series.%20Ann%20Intern%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%202001%20Feb%2020%20%5Bcited%202022%20Sep%207%5D%3B134%284%29%3A330%26%23×2013%3B4.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acpjournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acpjournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22In%20Defense%20of%20Case%20Reports%20and%20Case%20Series%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vandenbroucke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001-02-20%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-4819%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acpjournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2F0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-07T09%3A47%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222VGHE7NM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hoenig%20and%20Heisey%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHoenig%20JM%2C%20Heisey%20DM.%20The%20Abuse%20of%20Power%3A%20The%20Pervasive%20Fallacy%20of%20Power%20Calculations%20for%20Data%20Analysis.%20The%20American%20Statistician%20%5BInternet%5D.%202001%20%5Bcited%202021%20Dec%2031%5D%3B55%281%29%3A19%26%23×2013%3B24.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1198%5C%2F000313001300339897%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1198%5C%2F000313001300339897%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Abuse%20of%20Power%3A%20The%20Pervasive%20Fallacy%20of%20Power%20Calculations%20for%20Data%20Analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoenig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dennis%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heisey%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%5C%2F2001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1198%5C%2F000313001300339897%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-1305%2C%201537-2731%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1198%5C%2F000313001300339897%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A12%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ECIQEU5T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vandenbroucke%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-04-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EVandenbroucke%20JP.%20Case%20reports%20in%20an%20evidence-based%20world.%20J%20R%20Soc%20Med%20%5BInternet%5D.%201999%20Apr%201%20%5Bcited%202022%20Sep%207%5D%3B92%284%29%3A159%26%23×2013%3B63.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F014107689909200401%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F014107689909200401%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Case%20reports%20in%20an%20evidence-based%20world%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%20P%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vandenbroucke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999-04-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F014107689909200401%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220141-0768%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F014107689909200401%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-07T07%3A29%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RTWHVA43%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EStatistical%20issues%20in%20assessing%20hospital%20performance.%20%3A70.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Statistical%20issues%20in%20assessing%20hospital%20performance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HKM7RAY4%22%2C%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T09%3A04%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223N68EJ63%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ronald%20L.%20Wasserstein%20and%20Nicole%20A.%20Lazar%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERonald%20L.%20Wasserstein%2C%20Nicole%20A.%20Lazar.%20American%20Statistical%20Association%20Releases%20Statement%20on%20Statistical%20Significance%20and%20P-Values.%20%3A3.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amstat.org%5C%2Fasa%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2Fp-valuestatement.pdf%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amstat.org%5C%2Fasa%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2Fp-valuestatement.pdf%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22American%20Statistical%20Association%20Releases%20Statement%20on%20Statistical%20Significance%20and%20P-Values%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Ronald%20L.%20Wasserstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Nicole%20A.%20Lazar%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.amstat.org%5C%2Fasa%5C%2Ffiles%5C%2Fpdfs%5C%2Fp-valuestatement.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PWZKG63X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-01-04T10%3A43%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. In: Wikipedia [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 8]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Most_Published_Research_Findings_Are_False&oldid=1058887399
1.
ASA President’s Task Force Statement on Statistical Significance and Replicability | Amstat News [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 18]. Available from: https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/08/01/task-force-statement-p-value/
1.
Zhang Y, Hedo R, Rivera A, Rull R, Richardson S, Tu XM. Post hoc power analysis: is it an informative and meaningful analysis? Gen Psychiatr [Internet]. 2019 Aug 8 [cited 2023 Jun 27];32(4):e100069. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6738696/
1.
Mittal N, Bhandari M, Kumbhare D. A Tale of Confusion From Overlapping Confidence Intervals. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Jan;98(1):81–3.
1.
Schober P, Bossers SM, Schwarte LA. Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Importance of Observed Effect Sizes: What Do P Values and Confidence Intervals Really Represent? Anesth Analg [Internet]. 2018 Mar [cited 2022 May 9];126(3):1068–72. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811238/
1.
Goodman SN. Aligning statistical and scientific reasoning. Science [Internet]. 2016 Jun 3 [cited 2023 Jan 27];352(6290):1180–1. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf5406
1.
Ronald L. Wasserstein, Nicole A. Lazar. The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician [Internet]. 2016 Apr 2 [cited 2021 Dec 31];70(2):129–33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
1.
Greenland S, Senn SJ, Rothman KJ, Carlin JB, Poole C, Goodman SN, et al. Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations. Eur J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2016 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Dec 31];31(4):337–50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3
1.
Perezgonzalez JD. Fisher, Neyman-Pearson or NHST? A tutorial for teaching data testing. Front Psychol. 2015;6:223.
1.
Rasch D, Kubinger KD, Moder K. The two-sample t test: pre-testing its assumptions does not pay off. Stat Papers [Internet]. 2011 Feb 1 [cited 2022 May 11];52(1):219–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00362-009-0224-x
1.
Pearl J. Causal inference in statistics: An overview. Statist Surv [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Jul 13];3(none). Available from: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistics-surveys/volume-3/issue-none/Causal-inference-in-statistics-An-overview/10.1214/09-SS057.full
1.
Lombardi CM, Hurlbert SH. Misprescription and misuse of one-tailed tests. Austral Ecology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2021 Dec 31];34(4):447–68. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01946.x
1.
Watanabe H, Takahashi K. Points to Consider on Multiplicity Issues in Clinical Trials. JJB [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 Dec 31];27(Special_Issue):S73–7. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjb/27/Special_Issue/27_Special_Issue_S73/_article/-char/ja/
1.
Spiegelhalter DJ. Funnel plots for comparing institutional performance. Statistics in Medicine [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2022 Apr 27];24(8):1185–202. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sim.1970
1.
Bender R, Lange S. Adjusting for multiple testing–when and how? J Clin Epidemiol. 2001 Apr;54(4):343–9.
1.
Vandenbroucke JP. In Defense of Case Reports and Case Series. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2001 Feb 20 [cited 2022 Sep 7];134(4):330–4. Available from: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017
1.
Hoenig JM, Heisey DM. The Abuse of Power: The Pervasive Fallacy of Power Calculations for Data Analysis. The American Statistician [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2021 Dec 31];55(1):19–24. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/000313001300339897
1.
Vandenbroucke JP. Case reports in an evidence-based world. J R Soc Med [Internet]. 1999 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Sep 7];92(4):159–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200401
1.
Statistical issues in assessing hospital performance. :70.
1.
Ronald L. Wasserstein, Nicole A. Lazar. American Statistical Association Releases Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values. :3. Available from: https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/p-valuestatement.pdf
Study design
8915996
5AAGG34V
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%229HMXUQXT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tenny%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ETenny%20S%2C%20Kerndt%20CC%2C%20Hoffman%20MR.%20Case%20Control%20Studies.%20In%3A%20StatPearls%20%5BInternet%5D.%20Treasure%20Island%20%28FL%29%3A%20StatPearls%20Publishing%3B%202022%20%5Bcited%202022%20Apr%2021%5D.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2FNBK448143%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2FNBK448143%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Case%20Control%20Studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tenny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Connor%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kerndt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20case-control%20study%20is%20a%20type%20of%20observational%20study%20commonly%20used%20to%20look%20at%20factors%20associated%20with%20diseases%20or%20outcomes.%5B1%5D%5Cu00a0%20The%20case-control%20study%20starts%20with%20a%20group%20of%20cases%2C%20which%20are%20the%20individuals%20who%20have%20the%20outcome%20of%20interest.%20The%20researcher%5Cu00a0then%20tries%20to%20construct%20a%20second%20group%20of%20individuals%20called%20the%20controls%2C%20who%20are%20similar%20to%20the%20case%20individuals%20but%20do%20not%20have%20the%20outcome%20of%20interest.%20The%20researcher%20then%20looks%20at%20historical%20factors%20to%20identify%20if%20some%20exposure%28s%29%20is%5C%2Fare%20found%20more%20commonly%20in%20the%20cases%20than%20the%20controls.%20If%20the%20exposure%5Cu00a0is%20found%20more%20commonly%20in%20the%20cases%5Cu00a0than%20the%20controls%2C%20the%20researcher%20can%20hypothesize%20that%20the%20exposure%5Cu00a0may%20be%20linked%20to%20the%20outcome%20of%20interest.%5Cu00a0%20For%20example%2C%20a%20researcher%20may%20want%20to%20look%20at%20the%20rare%20cancer%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma.%20The%20researcher%20would%20find%20a%20group%20of%20individuals%20with%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20%28the%20cases%29%20and%5Cu00a0compare%20them%20to%20a%20group%20of%20patients%20who%20are%5Cu00a0similar%20to%20the%20cases%20in%20most%20ways%20but%5Cu00a0do%20not%20have%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20%28controls%29.%20The%20researcher%20could%20then%20ask%20about%20various%20exposures%20to%20see%20if%20any%20exposure%20is%20more%20common%20in%20those%20with%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20%28the%20cases%29%20than%20those%20without%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20%28the%20controls%29.%20The%20researcher%5Cu00a0might%20find%20that%20those%20with%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20have%20HIV%2C%20and%20thus%20conclude%20that%20HIV%20may%20be%20a%20risk%20factor%20for%20the%20development%20of%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma.%20%5CnAdvantages%5Cn%20There%20are%20many%20advantages%20to%20case-control%20studies.%5Cu00a0%20First%2C%20the%20case-control%20approach%5Cu00a0allows%5Cu00a0for%20the%20study%20of%20rare%20diseases.%5Cu00a0%20%5Cu00a0If%20a%20disease%5Cu00a0occurs%20very%20infrequently%2C%5Cu00a0one%20would%20have%20to%20follow%20a%20large%20group%20of%20people%20for%20a%20long%20period%20of%20time%20to%5Cu00a0accrue%5Cu00a0enough%5Cu00a0incident%20cases%20to%20study.%20Such%20use%20of%20resources%20may%20be%20impractical%2C%20so%20a%20case-control%20study%20can%5Cu00a0be%20useful%5Cu00a0for%20identifying%20current%20cases%20and%20evaluating%20historical%20associated%20factors.%5Cu00a0%20For%20example%2C%20if%20a%20disease%5Cu00a0developed%20in%201%20in%201000%20people%20per%20year%20%280.001%5C%2Fyear%29%20then%20in%20ten%20years%5Cu00a0one%20would%20expect%20about%2010%20cases%20of%20a%20disease%20to%20exist%20in%20a%20group%20of%201000%20people.%20If%20the%20disease%20is%20much%20rarer%2C%20say%201%20in%201%2C000%2C0000%20per%20year%20%280.0000001%5C%2Fyear%29%20this%20would%20require%20either%20having%20to%20follow%201%2C000%2C0000%20people%20for%20ten%20years%20or%201000%20people%20for%201000%20years%20to%5Cu00a0accrue%20ten%20total%20cases.%20As%20it%20may%20be%20impractical%20to%20follow%201%2C000%2C000%20for%20ten%20years%20or%20to%20wait%201000%20years%20for%20recruitment%2C%5Cu00a0a%20case-control%20study%20allows%20for%20a%20more%20feasible%20approach.%5Cu00a0%20Second%2C%20the%20case-control%20study%20design%20makes%20it%20possible%20to%20look%20at%20multiple%20risk%20factors%20at%20a%20once.%20In%5Cu00a0the%20example%20above%20about%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%2C%20the%20researcher%20could%20ask%20both%5Cu00a0the%20cases%20and%20controls%20about%20exposures%20to%20HIV%2C%20asbestos%2C%20smoking%2C%20lead%2C%20sunburns%2C%20aniline%20dye%2C%20alcohol%2C%20herpes%2C%20human%20papillomavirus%2C%20or%20any%20number%20of%20possible%20exposures%20to%20identify%20those%20most%20likely%20associated%20with%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma.%20Case-control%20studies%20can%20also%20be%20very%20helpful%20when%20disease%20outbreaks%20occur%2C%20and%20potential%20links%20and%20exposures%20need%20to%20be%20identified.%5Cu00a0%20This%20study%20mechanism%20can%20be%20commonly%20seen%20in%20food-related%20disease%20outbreaks%20associated%20with%20contaminated%20products%2C%20or%20when%20rare%20diseases%20start%20to%20increase%20in%20frequency%2C%20as%20has%20been%20seen%20with%20measles%20in%20recent%20years.%20Because%20of%20these%20advantages%2C%20case-control%20studies%20are%20commonly%20used%20as%20one%20of%20the%20first%20studies%20to%20build%20evidence%20of%20an%20association%20between%20exposure%20and%20an%20event%20or%20disease.%20In%20a%20case-control%20study%2C%20the%20investigator%20can%5Cu00a0include%20unequal%20numbers%20of%20cases%20with%20controls%20such%20as%5Cu00a02%3A1%20or%204%3A1%20to%20increase%20the%20power%20of%20the%20study.%20%5CnDisadvantages%20and%20Limitations%5Cn%20The%20most%20commonly%20cited%20disadvantage%20in%20case-control%20studies%20is%20the%20potential%20for%20recall%20bias.%5B2%5D%5Cu00a0%5Cu00a0Recall%20bias%20in%20a%20case-control%20study%20is%20the%20increased%20likelihood%20that%20those%20with%20the%5Cu00a0outcome%5Cu00a0will%20recall%20and%20report%20exposures%20compared%20to%20those%20without%20the%20outcome.%5Cu00a0%20In%20other%20words%2C%20even%20if%20both%20groups%20had%20exactly%20the%20same%20exposures%2C%20the%20participants%20in%20the%20cases%20group%20may%20report%20the%20exposure%20more%20often%20than%20the%20controls%20do.%5Cu00a0%20Recall%20bias%20may%20lead%20to%20concluding%20that%20there%20are%20associations%20between%20the%20exposure%20and%20disease%20that%20do%20not%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20exist.%20It%20is%20due%20to%20subjects%27%5Cu00a0imperfect%20memories%20of%20past%20exposures.%5Cu00a0%20If%20people%20with%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20are%20asked%20about%20exposure%20and%20history%20%28e.g.%2C%20HIV%2C%20asbestos%2C%20smoking%2C%20lead%2C%20sunburn%2C%20aniline%20dye%2C%20alcohol%2C%20herpes%2C%20human%20papillomavirus%29%2C%20the%20individuals%20with%20the%20disease%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20think%20harder%20about%20these%20exposures%20and%20recall%20having%20some%20of%20the%20exposures%20that%20the%20healthy%20controls.%20Case-control%20studies%2C%20due%20to%20their%20typically%20retrospective%20nature%2C%20can%20be%20used%20to%20establish%20a%20correlation%5Cu00a0between%20exposures%20and%20outcomes%2C%20but%20cannot%20establish%20causation.%20These%20studies%20simply%20attempt%20to%20find%20correlations%20between%20past%20events%20and%20the%20current%20state.%5Cu00a0%20When%20designing%20a%20case-control%20study%2C%20the%20researcher%20must%20find%20an%20appropriate%20control%20group.%20Ideally%2C%20the%20case%20group%20%28those%20with%20the%20outcome%29%20and%20the%20control%20group%20%28those%20without%20the%20outcome%29%20will%20have%20almost%20the%20same%20characteristics%2C%20such%20as%20age%2C%20gender%2C%20overall%20health%20status%2C%20and%20other%20factors.%5Cu00a0The%20two%20groups%20should%20have%20similar%20histories%20and%20live%20in%20similar%20environments.%20If%2C%20for%20example%2C%20our%20cases%20of%20Kaposi%27s%5Cu00a0sarcoma%5Cu00a0came%20from%20across%20the%20country%20but%20our%20controls%20were%20only%20chosen%20from%20a%20small%20community%20in%20northern%5Cu00a0latitudes%5Cu00a0where%20people%20rarely%20go%20outside%20or%20get%20sunburns%2C%20asking%20about%20sunburn%20may%20not%20be%20a%20valid%20exposure%20to%20investigate.%5Cu00a0%20Similarly%2C%20if%20all%20of%20the%20cases%20of%20Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma%20were%20found%20to%20come%20from%20a%20small%20community%20outside%20a%20battery%20factory%20with%20high%20levels%20of%20lead%20in%20the%5Cu00a0environment%2C%20then%20controls%20from%20across%20the%20country%20with%20minimal%20lead%20exposure%20would%20not%20provide%20an%20appropriate%20control%20group.%5Cu00a0%20The%20investigator%20must%20put%5Cu00a0a%20great%20deal%20of%20effort%20into%20creating%20a%20proper%20control%20group%20to%20bolster%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20case-control%20study%20as%20well%20as%20enhance%20their%20ability%20to%20find%20true%20and%20valid%20potential%20correlations%20between%20exposures%20and%20disease%20states.%20Similarly%2C%20the%20researcher%20must%20recognize%20the%20potential%20for%20failing%20to%20identify%20confounding%20variables%20or%20exposures%2C%20introducing%20the%20possibility%20of%20confounding%20bias%2C%20which%20occurs%20when%20a%20variable%20that%20is%20not%20being%20accounted%20for%20that%20has%20a%20relationship%20with%20both%20the%20exposure%20and%20outcome.%5Cu00a0%20This%20can%20cause%20us%20to%20accidentally%20be%20studying%20something%20we%20are%20not%20accounting%20for%20but%20that%20may%20be%20systematically%20different%20between%20the%20groups.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22StatPearls%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2FNBK448143%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225AAGG34V%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-21T08%3A08%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FF2ST742%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ranstam%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ERanstam%20J.%20Repeated%20measurements%2C%20bilateral%20observations%20and%20pseudoreplicates%2C%20why%20does%20it%20matter%3F%20Osteoarthritis%20and%20cartilage.%202012%20Jun%3B20%286%29%3A473%26%23×2013%3B5.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Repeated%20measurements%2C%20bilateral%20observations%20and%20pseudoreplicates%2C%20why%20does%20it%20matter%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ranstam%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20common%20requirement%20of%20statistical%20methods%2C%20critical%20to%20the%20interpretation%20of%20the%20data%2C%20is%20that%20the%20analyzed%20observations%20are%20independent.%20This%20is%20not%20always%20the%20case%20in%20experiments%20and%20clinical%20studies%2C%20a%20mistake%20which%20can%20be%20expected%20to%20lead%20to%20erroneous%20study%20results.%20The%20phenomenon%20is%20explained%2C%20its%20consequences%20described%2C%20and%20suggestions%20to%20avoid%20the%20problems%20presented.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.joca.2012.02.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221522-9653%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225AAGG34V%22%2C%228YYYQSCZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-29T15%3A45%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XS9X2476%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bryant%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EBryant%20D%2C%20Havey%20TC%2C%20Roberts%20R%2C%20Guyatt%20G.%20How%20many%20patients%3F%20How%20many%20limbs%3F%20Analysis%20of%20patients%20or%20limbs%20in%20the%20orthopaedic%20literature%3A%20a%20systematic%20review.%20J%20Bone%20Joint%20Surg%20Am.%202006%20Jan%3B88%281%29%3A41%26%23×2013%3B5.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20many%20patients%3F%20How%20many%20limbs%3F%20Analysis%20of%20patients%20or%20limbs%20in%20the%20orthopaedic%20literature%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dianne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bryant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Havey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roberts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guyatt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Clinical%20studies%20assessing%20orthopaedic%20interventions%20often%20include%20data%20from%20two%20limbs%20or%20multiple%20joints%20within%20single%20individuals.%20Without%20appropriate%20design%20or%20statistical%20approaches%20to%20address%20within-individual%20correlations%2C%20this%20practice%20may%20contribute%20to%20false%20precision%20and%20possible%20bias%20in%20estimates%20of%20treatment%20effect.%20We%20conducted%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20the%20orthopaedic%20literature%20to%20determine%20the%20frequency%20of%20inappropriate%20inclusion%20of%20nonindependent%20limb%20or%20joint%20observations%20in%20clinical%20studies.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20We%20identified%20seven%20orthopaedic%20journals%20with%20high%20Science%20Citation%20Index%20impact%20factors%20and%20retrieved%20all%20clinical%20studies%20for%202003%20for%20any%20intervention%20on%20any%20limb%20or%20joint.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20We%20identified%20288%20clinical%20studies%2C%20143%20of%20which%20involved%20two%20limbs%20or%20multiple%20joint%20observations%20from%20single%20individuals.%20These%20studies%20included%20nineteen%20randomized%20clinical%20trials%20%2813%25%29%20fifty-eight%20two-group%20cohort%20studies%20%2841%25%29%2C%20and%20sixty-six%20one-group%20cohort%20studies%20%2846%25%29.%20Seventy-six%20%2853%25%29%20of%20the%20143%20studies%20involved%20statistical%20comparisons%20between%20patient%20groups%20with%20use%20of%20tests%20of%20association%2C%20and%20an%20additional%20sixty%20studies%20%2842%25%29%20presented%20estimates%20of%20proportions%20without%20statistical%20comparisons.%20Only%20sixteen%20of%20the%20seventy-six%20studies%20involving%20statistical%20comparisons%20involved%20the%20use%20of%20any%20technique%20or%20methodological%20approach%20to%20account%20for%20multiple%2C%20nonindependent%20observations.%20A%20median%20of%20approximately%2013%25%20of%20the%20patients%20in%20these%20studies%20contributed%20more%20than%20one%20observation.%20The%20median%20proportion%20of%20nonindependent%20observations%20to%20total%20observations%20%28the%20unit%20of%20analysis%29%20was%20approximately%2023%25.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Our%20findings%20suggest%20that%20a%20high%20proportion%20%2842%25%29%20of%20clinical%20studies%20in%20high-impact-factor%20orthopaedic%20journals%20involve%20the%20inappropriate%20use%20of%20multiple%20observations%20from%20single%20individuals%2C%20potentially%20biasing%20results.%20Orthopaedic%20researchers%20should%20attend%20to%20this%20issue%20when%20reporting%20results.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2106%5C%2FJBJS.E.00272%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220021-9355%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225AAGG34V%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A38%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JXY3UJLU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McAlister%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-05-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMcAlister%20FA%2C%20Straus%20SE%2C%20Sackett%20DL%2C%20Altman%20DG.%20Analysis%20and%20reporting%20of%20factorial%20trials%3A%20a%20systematic%20review.%20JAMA.%202003%20May%2021%3B289%2819%29%3A2545%26%23×2013%3B53.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Analysis%20and%20reporting%20of%20factorial%20trials%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Finlay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McAlister%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sharon%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Straus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sackett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Douglas%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22CONTEXT%3A%20Although%20factorial%20trials%20have%20become%20common%2C%20standards%20for%20the%20analysis%20and%20reporting%20of%20such%20trials%20have%20not%20been%20established%20and%2C%20despite%20concerns%20about%20the%20possibility%20of%20unrecognized%20interactions%20between%20therapies%20in%20factorial%20trials%2C%20the%20magnitude%20of%20this%20potential%20problem%20is%20unknown.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20examine%20the%20rationale%2C%20methods%2C%20and%20analysis%20of%20randomized%20factorial%20trials.%5CnDATA%20SOURCES%20AND%20STUDY%20SELECTION%3A%20We%20searched%20MEDLINE%2C%20EMBASE%2C%20and%20the%20Cochrane%20Controlled%20Trials%20Register%20using%20the%20terms%20factorial%2C%20interaction%2C%202%20x%202%2C%202%20by%202%2C%20and%20incremental%20to%20identify%20factorial%20randomized%20trials%20published%20from%20January%202000%20to%20July%202002.%20To%20identify%20trials%20missed%20by%20the%20electronic%20search%2C%20we%20performed%20a%20hand%20search%20of%20English-language%20trials%20in%20a%20defined%20topic%20area%20%28using%20the%20term%20myocardial%20ischemia%20%5Bexp%5D%29%20listed%20in%20MEDLINE%20%281966-2002%29%2C%20EMBASE%20%281980-2002%29%2C%20and%20the%20Cochrane%20Controlled%20Trials%20Register%2C%20as%20well%20as%20all%20trials%20in%20any%20topic%20area%20published%20in%20December%202000%2C%20excluding%20trials%20reporting%20only%20continuous%20surrogate%20end%20points.%20The%20final%20set%20of%2033%20eligible%20publications%20described%2029%20unique%20trials.%5CnDATA%20EXTRACTION%3A%20Two%20investigators%20independently%20identified%20factorial%20trials%2C%20generated%20a%20list%20of%20items%20affecting%20validity%20of%20results%2C%20and%20abstracted%20these%20items%20from%20each%20trial.%5CnDATA%20SYNTHESIS%3A%20The%20sensitivity%20of%20electronic%20searching%20for%20identifying%20factorial%20trials%20was%2076%25.%20Our%203-pronged%20search%20strategy%20identified%2044%20factorial%20trials%20with%20clinically%20important%20binary%20outcomes%3A%2036%20%2882%25%29%20were%20done%20for%20reasons%20of%20efficiency%20%28testing%202%20interventions%20in%20the%20same%20patient%20population%29%2C%20and%208%20%2818%25%29%20were%20done%20to%20assess%20the%20incremental%20benefits%20of%20combining%20the%202%20treatments.%20All%20but%201%20of%20the%20trials%20reported%20treatment%20effects%20by%20comparing%20all%20patients%20who%20received%20treatment%20A%20%28ie%2C%20those%20receiving%20either%20A%20alone%20or%20both%20A%20and%20B%29%20vs%20all%20those%20not%20receiving%20treatment%20A%20%28ie%2C%20those%20receiving%20either%20B%20alone%20or%20neither%20A%20nor%20B%29.%20Twenty-nine%20of%20the%2044%20trials%20%2866%25%29%20reported%20the%20data%20from%20each%20of%20the%20treatment%20groups%20separately%3B%2026%20trials%20%2859%25%29%20reported%20testing%20for%20interactions%20between%20the%20treatments.%20Only%202%20of%2031%20%286%25%29%20comparisons%20demonstrated%20a%20statistically%20significant%20interaction%20between%20the%202%20treatments.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Accurate%20interpretation%20of%20factorial%20trials%20depends%20on%20the%20transparent%20reporting%20of%20data%20for%20each%20treatment%20cell.%20Despite%20concerns%20about%20unrecognized%20interactions%2C%20our%20findings%20suggest%20that%20investigators%20are%20appropriately%20restricting%20their%20use%20of%20the%20factorial%20design%20to%20those%20situations%20in%20which%202%20%28or%20more%29%20treatments%20do%20not%20have%20the%20potential%20for%20substantive%20interaction.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222003-05-21%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1001%5C%2Fjama.289.19.2545%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220098-7484%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225AAGG34V%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T09%3A11%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HLDNV2NI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mann%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EMann%20CJ.%20Observational%20research%20methods.%20Research%20design%20II%3A%20cohort%2C%20cross%20sectional%2C%20and%20case-control%20studies.%20Emergency%20Medicine%20Journal%20%5BInternet%5D.%202003%20Jan%201%20%5Bcited%202023%20Aug%203%5D%3B20%281%29%3A54%26%23×2013%3B60.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Femj.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Femj.20.1.54%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Femj.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Femj.20.1.54%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Observational%20research%20methods.%20Research%20design%20II%3A%20cohort%2C%20cross%20sectional%2C%20and%20case-control%20studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222003-1-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Femj.20.1.54%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2214720205%2C%2014720213%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Femj.bmj.com%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1136%5C%2Femj.20.1.54%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%225AAGG34V%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-03T06%3A38%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Tenny S, Kerndt CC, Hoffman MR. Case Control Studies. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 21]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448143/
1.
Ranstam J. Repeated measurements, bilateral observations and pseudoreplicates, why does it matter? Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2012 Jun;20(6):473–5.
1.
Bryant D, Havey TC, Roberts R, Guyatt G. How many patients? How many limbs? Analysis of patients or limbs in the orthopaedic literature: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Jan;88(1):41–5.
1.
McAlister FA, Straus SE, Sackett DL, Altman DG. Analysis and reporting of factorial trials: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2545–53.
1.
Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency Medicine Journal [Internet]. 2003 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Aug 3];20(1):54–60. Available from: https://emj.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/emj.20.1.54
Terminology
8915996
U4G29E3F
1
vancouver
50
date
desc
472
https://ranstam.eu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22FJJXTDCR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hartnack%20and%20Roos%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHartnack%20S%2C%20Roos%20M.%20Teaching%3A%20confidence%2C%20prediction%20and%20tolerance%20intervals%20in%20scientific%20practice%3A%20a%20tutorial%20on%20binary%20variables.%20Emerg%20Themes%20Epidemiol%20%5BInternet%5D.%202021%20Dec%204%20%5Bcited%202023%20Apr%201%5D%3B18%3A17.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8645111%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8645111%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Teaching%3A%20confidence%2C%20prediction%20and%20tolerance%20intervals%20in%20scientific%20practice%3A%20a%20tutorial%20on%20binary%20variables%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sonja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hartnack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Malgorzata%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roos%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnOne%20of%20the%20emerging%20themes%20in%20epidemiology%20is%20the%20use%20of%20interval%20estimates.%20Currently%2C%20three%20interval%20estimates%20for%20confidence%20%28CI%29%2C%20prediction%20%28PI%29%2C%20and%20tolerance%20%28TI%29%20are%20at%20a%20researcher%27s%20disposal%20and%20are%20accessible%20within%20the%20open%20access%20framework%20in%20R.%20These%20three%20types%20of%20statistical%20intervals%20serve%20different%20purposes.%20Confidence%20intervals%20are%20designed%20to%20describe%20a%20parameter%20with%20some%20uncertainty%20due%20to%20sampling%20errors.%20Prediction%20intervals%20aim%20to%20predict%20future%20observation%28s%29%2C%20including%20some%20uncertainty%20present%20in%20the%20actual%20and%20future%20samples.%20Tolerance%20intervals%20are%20constructed%20to%20capture%20a%20specified%20proportion%20of%20a%20population%20with%20a%20defined%20confidence.%20It%20is%20well%20known%20that%20interval%20estimates%20support%20a%20greater%20knowledge%20gain%20than%20point%20estimates.%20Thus%2C%20a%20good%20understanding%20and%20the%20use%20of%20CI%2C%20PI%2C%20and%20TI%20underlie%20good%20statistical%20practice.%20While%20CIs%20are%20taught%20in%20introductory%20statistical%20classes%2C%20PIs%20and%20TIs%20are%20less%20familiar.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnIn%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20provide%20a%20concise%20tutorial%20on%20two-sided%20CI%2C%20PI%20and%20TI%20for%20binary%20variables.%20This%20hands-on%20tutorial%20is%20based%20on%20our%20teaching%20materials.%20It%20contains%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20meaning%20and%20applicability%20from%20both%20a%20classical%20and%20a%20Bayesian%20perspective.%20Based%20on%20a%20worked-out%20example%20from%20veterinary%20medicine%2C%20we%20provide%20guidance%20and%20code%20that%20can%20be%20directly%20applied%20in%20R.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnThis%20tutorial%20can%20be%20used%20by%20others%20for%20teaching%2C%20either%20in%20a%20class%20or%20for%20self-instruction%20of%20students%20and%20senior%20researchers.%5Cn%5CnSupplementary%20Information%5CnThe%20online%20version%20contains%20supplementary%20material%20available%20at%2010.1186%5C%2Fs12982-021-00108-1.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-12-4%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12982-021-00108-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221742-7622%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8645111%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22U4G29E3F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-01T07%3A08%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E2KUEZBE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hidalgo%20and%20Goodman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHidalgo%20B%2C%20Goodman%20M.%20Multivariate%20or%20Multivariable%20Regression%3F%20Am%20J%20Public%20Health%20%5BInternet%5D.%202013%20Jan%20%5Bcited%202022%20Feb%2017%5D%3B103%281%29%3A39%26%23×2013%3B40.%20Available%20from%3A%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3518362%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3518362%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multivariate%20or%20Multivariable%20Regression%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bertha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hidalgo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melody%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20terms%20multivariate%20and%20multivariable%20are%20often%20used%20interchangeably%20in%20the%20public%20health%20literature.%20However%2C%20these%20terms%20actually%20represent%202%20very%20distinct%20types%20of%20analyses.%20We%20define%20the%202%20types%20of%20analysis%20and%20assess%20the%20prevalence%20of%20use%20of%20the%20statistical%20term%20multivariate%20in%20a%201-year%20span%20of%20articles%20published%20in%20the%20American%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Health.%20Our%20goal%20is%20to%20make%20a%20clear%20distinction%20and%20to%20identify%20the%20nuances%20that%20make%20these%20types%20of%20analyses%20so%20distinct%20from%20one%20another.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013-1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2105%5C%2FAJPH.2012.300897%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220090-0036%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC3518362%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22U4G29E3F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A02%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KMTF965M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Peters%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPeters%20TJ.%20Multifarious%20terminology%3A%20multivariable%20or%20multivariate%3F%20univariable%20or%20univariate%3F%20Paediatr%20Perinat%20Epidemiol.%202008%20Nov%3B22%286%29%3A506.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multifarious%20terminology%3A%20multivariable%20or%20multivariate%3F%20univariable%20or%20univariate%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-3016.2008.00966.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221365-3016%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22U4G29E3F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-11T08%3A06%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JXSZIRQR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22International%20Statistical%20Institute%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-09-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EInternational%20Statistical%20Institute.%20The%20Oxford%20Dictionary%20of%20Statistical%20Terms.%20Sixth%20Edition.%20Oxford%2C%20New%20York%3A%20Oxford%20University%20Press%3B%202006.%20512%20p.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Oxford%20Dictionary%20of%20Statistical%20Terms%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22International%20Statistical%20Institute%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Oxford%20Dictionary%20of%20Statistical%20Terms%20is%20the%20much-awaited%20sixth%20edition%20of%20the%20acclaimed%20standard%20reference%20work%20in%20statistics%2C%20published%20on%20behalf%20of%20the%20International%20Statistical%20Institute.%20The%20first%20edition%2C%20known%20as%20the%20Dictionary%20of%20Statistical%20Terms%2C%20was%20edited%20in%201957%20by%20the%20late%20Sir%20Maurice%20Kendall%20and%20the%20late%20Dr.%20W.R.%20Buckland.%20As%20one%20of%20the%20first%20dictionaries%20of%20statistics%20it%20set%20high%20standards%20for%20the%20subject%20and%20became%20a%20well-respected%20reference.%20This%20new%20edition%20has%20been%20carefully%20updated%20and%20extended%20to%20include%20the%20most%20recent%20terminology%20and%20techniques%20in%20statistics.%20Significant%20revision%20and%20expansion%20from%20an%20international%20editorial%20board%20of%20senior%20statisticians%20has%20resulted%20in%20a%20comprehensive%20reference%20text%2C%20which%20includes%2030%25%2C%20more%20material%20than%20previous%20editions.%20Ideal%20for%20all%20who%20use%20statistics%20in%20the%20workplace%20and%20in%20research%20including%20all%20scientists%20and%20social%20scientists%2C%20especially%20in%20law%2C%20politics%2C%20economics%2C%20finance%2C%20business%20and%20history%2C%20it%20is%20an%20indispensable%20reference.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-09-07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-920613-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22U4G29E3F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-12-31T08%3A30%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PLC83C3K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A8915996%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Altman%20and%20Bland%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-10-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAltman%20DG%2C%20Bland%20JM.%20Quartiles%2C%20quintiles%2C%20centiles%2C%20and%20other%20quantiles.%20BMJ.%201994%20Oct%2015%3B309%286960%29%3A996.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Quartiles%2C%20quintiles%2C%20centiles%2C%20and%20other%20quantiles%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Altman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bland%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994-10-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1136%5C%2Fbmj.309.6960.996%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220959-8138%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22U4G29E3F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-02-17T09%3A13%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Hartnack S, Roos M. Teaching: confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals in scientific practice: a tutorial on binary variables. Emerg Themes Epidemiol [Internet]. 2021 Dec 4 [cited 2023 Apr 1];18:17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8645111/
1.
Hidalgo B, Goodman M. Multivariate or Multivariable Regression? Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2022 Feb 17];103(1):39–40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518362/
1.
Peters TJ. Multifarious terminology: multivariable or multivariate? univariable or univariate? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008 Nov;22(6):506.
1.
International Statistical Institute. The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms. Sixth Edition. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. 512 p.
1.
Altman DG, Bland JM. Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. BMJ. 1994 Oct 15;309(6960):996.